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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the loss on valuation of shares on the last day of the previous year attracts the Explanation to section 73 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. 2. Whether the loss should be treated as a business loss or speculation loss. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Applicability of Explanation to Section 73 on Valuation Loss: The Revenue contested that the loss of Rs. 90,69,917, arising from the valuation of the closing stock of shares, should be treated as speculation loss under the Explanation to section 73 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. The Assessing Officer classified this loss as speculation loss, while the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) held it as a business loss, not speculative in nature. The Commissioner observed that the loss was due to a decrease in the valuation of shares held as stock-in-trade, valued at cost or market value, whichever is lower, as per the mercantile system of accounting. Thus, the provisions of section 73 and its Explanation were deemed inapplicable. 2. Nature of Loss - Business Loss vs. Speculation Loss: The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) directed the Assessing Officer to treat the loss as a business loss, deductible while computing the total income of the assessee. The Commissioner relied on the Supreme Court's decision in Chainrup Sampatram v. CIT [1953] 24 ITR 481, which stated that anticipated losses are accounted for in valuation, but not anticipated profits. The Commissioner concluded that the loss did not result from dealing in shares but from a decrease in the valuation of shares lying in stock for trading purposes. Relevant Case Laws and Principles: Several case laws were cited to support the assessee's contention that valuation losses should be treated as business losses. The Special Bench decision in Mannalal Nirmal Kumar Soorana v. ITO [1982] 1 ITD 412 (Delhi) emphasized that no taxable income arises from mere revaluation of assets unless there is an actual sale. Similarly, in Sanjeev Woolen Mills v. CIT [2005] 279 ITR 434 (SC), it was held that showing market value of closing stock does not constitute real profit for tax purposes. Department's Argument: The Department argued that the assessee-company did not fall within the exceptions provided in the Explanation to section 73, and hence, the loss, including that from valuation, should be treated as speculation loss. The Department highlighted that the total loss comprised Rs. 66.66 lakhs from trading in shares and Rs. 23.94 lakhs from diminution in stock value. Tribunal's Decision: The Tribunal considered the rival contentions and the orders of the authorities below. It noted that the assessee was engaged in the business of purchase and sale of securities and that the Explanation to section 73 was applicable. The Tribunal referred to the Kolkata Bench decision in Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd. v. Deputy CIT [2003] 85 ITD 745, which held that losses from valuation of closing stock in share trading are speculation losses under the Explanation to section 73. Similarly, in Prudential Construction Co. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT [2000] 75 ITD 338 (Hyd), it was held that trading losses, including those from valuation, are speculation losses. Conclusion: The Tribunal concluded that the loss arising from the valuation of shares should be treated as speculation loss under the Explanation to section 73. It found no merit in the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals)'s direction to treat the loss as a business loss. Consequently, the appeal of the Revenue was allowed, and the loss was to be treated as speculation loss. Order Pronounced: The order was pronounced in the open court on December 18, 2009.
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