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Issues Involved:
1. Plaintiff's title to the boarding house business. 2. Legality of the arrangement to circumvent service rules. 3. Alleged evasion of income tax. 4. Impact of alleged illegality on the plaintiff's claim. Detailed Analysis: 1. Plaintiff's Title to the Boarding House Business: The plaintiff instituted an action for a declaration that he "is the sole proprietor of and absolutely entitled to a boarding house business carried on in the name and style of International Home at 42, Harrison Road, Calcutta." The Trial Judge held that the plaintiff had started the business with his own funds and that the defendant, Gupta, was held out as an ostensible owner of the business. The appellate Court agreed with the view of the Trial Court. The Trial Judge relied on several circumstances, including the plaintiff's prior ownership of another boarding house business, the financial incapacity of Gupta, and the plaintiff's management of the business until 1948. The High Court confirmed these findings, establishing the plaintiff's title to the business. 2. Legality of the Arrangement to Circumvent Service Rules: The plaintiff admitted that he was not permitted to start or carry on any trade or business of his own due to service rules governing his employment with the Court of Wards. To circumvent these rules, the business was held in Gupta's name. The High Court noted that the service rules were not shown to be statutory and thus, the arrangement was not necessarily tainted with immorality or illegality. The appellate Court agreed that the plaintiff was not seeking to enforce an illegal arrangement, as the service rules were not tendered in evidence and did not prohibit an employee from carrying on a business as a manager or agent of another. 3. Alleged Evasion of Income Tax: The appellant argued that the arrangement was also intended to evade income tax. The plaintiff admitted in his evidence that he had submitted returns of income earned in the business in Gupta's name to evade tax liability. The High Court found that the primary object of the arrangement was to circumvent the service rules, not to evade income tax. The High Court also noted that there was no pleading or issue raised about tax evasion in the Trial Court. The Supreme Court agreed, stating that the plaintiff might have incurred penalties for failing to disclose the true state of affairs, but the initial object of the arrangement was not to evade tax. 4. Impact of Alleged Illegality on the Plaintiff's Claim: The appellant contended that the plaintiff's suit must fail due to the unlawful agreement with Gupta to circumvent service rules and evade income tax. However, the Supreme Court held that the plaintiff was seeking to enforce his title to the property, not to effectuate an unlawful transaction. The Court noted that the plaintiff's cause of action was based on his title to the business and the entrustment of the business to Gupta, who wrongfully refused to return it. The Court distinguished between cases where the plaintiff relies on an illegal transaction to support his claim and cases where the plaintiff seeks to enforce his title to property, even if initially rooted in an illegal transaction. The Court concluded that the plaintiff was entitled to the assistance of the Court to enforce his title, as the arrangement was not shown to be in fraud of public administration. Separate Judgment: N. Rajagopala Ayyangar, J., agreed with the order to dismiss the appeal but provided additional reasoning. He noted that the main point in controversy was whether the plaintiff had established his title to the boarding house. He agreed that the purpose of the benami transaction was to circumvent the service rules, but since these rules were not statutory, the transaction was not unlawful. He also addressed the issue of income tax evasion, stating that the object of the benami transaction was to evade tax, which was unlawful. However, he concluded that the plaintiff's claim to possession was based on his title and the subsequent entrustment of the business to Gupta, which was independent of the illegal transaction. Therefore, the plaintiff was entitled to recover possession based on his title and the entrustment, not on the illegal transaction. Conclusion: The appeal was dismissed, and the plaintiff was entitled to recover possession of the boarding house business. The Court made no order as to costs.
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