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Issues Involved:
1. Competence of the State Legislature to impose the tax. 2. Discrimination due to uniform tax rate. 3. Equal treatment of different types of plantations. 4. Rational classification of plantations. Detailed Analysis: 1. Competence of the State Legislature to Impose the Tax: The petitioners contended that the Kerala Legislature lacked the competence to impose the plantation tax as there was no specific entry in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution under List II or III that enabled the State Legislature to do so. The court, however, held that the competency to impose land tax was no longer open to dispute after the Kerala Land Tax Act, 1961, was included in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution, receiving the protection of Article 31B. The court concluded that the State Legislature had the competence to impose the plantation tax. 2. Discrimination Due to Uniform Tax Rate: The petitioners argued that the uniform tax rate was discriminatory as it did not take into account the differences in fertility, yield, and other factors among different plantations. The court acknowledged the differences in yield between various estates but noted that uniform taxes often touch purses of different lengths. The court emphasized that the burden of proving discrimination was heavy and that the petitioners failed to show how the uniform tax resulted in hostile or unequal treatment. The court concluded that the uniform tax rate did not involve discrimination. 3. Equal Treatment of Different Types of Plantations: The petitioners contended that treating different types of plantations equally by imposing a uniform tax rate was arbitrary and discriminatory. The court noted that the Act laid down principles to ensure equal treatment by converting the number of plants into hectares for certain crops and using the actual extent of crop-yielding land for others. The court found that the legislature had made an attempt to equalize the tax burden across different plantations and that the tax was only levied on crop-yielding land. The court concluded that the Act did not single out any particular plantation for hostile or unequal treatment. 4. Rational Classification of Plantations: The petitioners argued that the absence of rational classification of plantations resulted in unequal tax burdens. The court referred to previous cases, including Moopil Nair and Nalla Raja Reddy, where the lack of classification led to the invalidation of the tax laws. The court held that the Act made a reasonable attempt at classification by using quotients for certain crops and the actual extent of land for others. The court concluded that the Act did not violate Article 14 of the Constitution as it provided for a reasonable classification and did not result in discrimination. Separate Judgment by J.M. Shelat: Justice Shelat dissented, holding that the uniform tax rate imposed by the Act was discriminatory as it did not take into account the potential productivity, situation, or other relevant factors of the land. He argued that the uniform tax resulted in unequal treatment among holders of plantations and violated Article 14 of the Constitution. He concluded that the Act was void to the extent it imposed the tax on tea plantations. Conclusion: The majority judgment dismissed the petitions, holding that the Kerala Plantation (Additional Tax) Act, 1960, and its amendment in 1967 were constitutional and did not violate Article 14. The court found that the State Legislature had the competence to impose the tax and that the Act made a reasonable attempt at classification to ensure equal treatment. The dissenting judgment by Justice Shelat, however, held that the uniform tax rate was discriminatory and violated Article 14.
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