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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the transactions in question are "speculative transactions" within the meaning of section 43(5) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. 2. Whether the transactions constitute "speculation business" within the meaning of Explanation 2 to section 28 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. 3. Whether the losses incurred in these transactions are allowable as business losses. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Speculative Transactions under Section 43(5): For the assessment year 1969-70, the assessee entered into contracts for the supply of groundnut kernel, which were settled without delivery due to the refusal of M/s. Ravindra Oil Mills to accept the goods on the grounds of sub-standard quality. The Tribunal concluded that these transactions did not constitute speculative transactions within the meaning of section 43(5) as they were settled due to a breach and subsequent payment of damages, not by mutual consent to avoid delivery. The High Court upheld this view, stating that the breach and settlement of claims did not equate to speculative transactions. For the assessment years 1970-71 to 1974-75, the assessee explained that the inability to deliver commodities in a few contracts was due to the non-availability of railway wagons. The Tribunal accepted this explanation, noting that the transactions settled without delivery were not speculative as they resulted from circumstances beyond the assessee's control, not from an intention to avoid delivery. 2. Speculation Business under Explanation 2 to Section 28: The Revenue argued that any contract settled without delivery should be treated as a speculative transaction, and if an assessee engages in such transactions, it constitutes speculation business. However, the High Court disagreed, emphasizing that not every speculative transaction amounts to speculation business. The court highlighted the necessity to examine whether the nature and frequency of speculative transactions indicate a systematic and organized course of activity akin to a business. The Tribunal found that the assessee's transactions did not meet this criterion and were not speculative business. 3. Allowability of Losses as Business Losses: The High Court held that the losses incurred by the assessee in the impugned transactions were allowable as business losses. The court noted that the breaches occurred due to factors beyond the assessee's control, such as the non-availability of railway wagons, and the subsequent settlements were not speculative but compensatory for the breaches. The court cited various precedents, including CIT v. Shantilal P. Ltd. and CIT v. Andhra Oil and Fertilisers Company, to support the view that such losses are not speculative and can be set off against regular business income. Separate Judgment by Raghuvir J.: Raghuvir J. concurred with the main judgment but emphasized the need to restate the principles governing speculation business. He critiqued the literal interpretation of tax laws and stressed that courts must consider the surrounding circumstances, including the reasons for non-delivery and the nature of the breach. He reiterated that the tests for determining speculation business should align with those for regular business, focusing on the systematic and substantial nature of the activities. Conclusion: The High Court concluded that the transactions in question for the assessment years 1969-70 to 1974-75 were not speculative transactions under section 43(5) and did not constitute speculation business under Explanation 2 to section 28. Consequently, the losses incurred were allowable as business losses. The Tribunal's decision to allow the set-off of these losses against the assessee's regular business income was upheld. The question referred was answered in the affirmative, in favor of the assessee and against the Revenue.
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