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Assessment of income discrepancy, Imposition of penalty under section 271(1)(c) of the Income Tax Act, Interpretation of the Explanation to section 271(1)(c), Burden of proof on Revenue in penalty proceedings. Analysis: The High Court of Bombay addressed two questions referred by the Revenue regarding the assessment year 1968-69. The case involved a registered firm engaged in the manufacture and sale of utensils. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) determined the firm's income at Rs. 75,170, significantly higher than the income reported by the firm. The ITO initiated penalty proceedings under section 271(1)(c) due to discrepancies in the accounts, lack of complete records, and a fall in gross profit margin. The firm appealed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner (AAC) and then to the Tribunal, which directed modifications to be made. During the penalty proceedings before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, the firm argued against the imposition of the penalty, stating there was no concealment or inaccurate particulars provided. The Tribunal analyzed the Explanation to section 271(1)(c) and emphasized that it raised a rebuttable presumption, not creating or negating substantive rights. The Tribunal found that the firm dealt with both retail and wholesale transactions, maintaining combined accounts without separate quantitative records. It concluded that the penalty imposed could not be sustained due to the absence of gross or wilful neglect. The Tribunal's decision was challenged by the Revenue, leading to the High Court's consideration of the questions raised. The Court clarified that the burden to prove fraud or neglect did not lie with the Revenue under the Explanation, but rather the presumption could be rebutted by the assessee. Citing precedents, the Court highlighted that the presumption could be negated if no suppression or concealment of income was found, as in this case. The Court also noted judgments from other High Courts emphasizing the assessee's duty to discharge the onus of rebuttal under the Explanation. The Court rejected the Revenue's arguments and held that the penalty imposed on the firm was not tenable. Citing previous judgments, the Court emphasized that the firm's actions did not amount to fraud or wilful neglect, and the presumption under the Explanation was successfully rebutted. The Court's decision was aligned with the principles of burden of proof and presumption under the Income Tax Act. In conclusion, the High Court ruled in favor of the assessee, rejecting the Revenue's contentions and upholding the Tribunal's decision to annul the penalty. The Court directed the Revenue to bear the costs of the reference, emphasizing the firm's successful rebuttal of the presumption under section 271(1)(c) of the Income Tax Act.
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