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Issues Involved:
1. Interpretation of "submission made in pursuance of an agreement" under Section 3 of the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961. 2. Jurisdiction of Indian courts to grant an injunction restraining a party from proceeding with arbitration in Moscow. 3. Applicability of Section 3 of the Act in the context of international commercial arbitration agreements. Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Interpretation of "Submission Made in Pursuance of an Agreement" under Section 3 of the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961: The primary issue revolved around the interpretation of the phrase "submission made in pursuance of an agreement" under Section 3 of the Act. The appellant firm argued that the phrase should be understood as an arbitration agreement or arbitral clause in a commercial contract, thereby obligating the court to stay the suit if the other conditions in Section 3 are met. Conversely, the respondent firm contended that "submission" should mean an actual submission of disputes to an arbitral tribunal, not merely an arbitration agreement. The judgment detailed the legislative history and the evolution of arbitration laws, highlighting that in both English and Indian statutes, "submission" traditionally included both an agreement to refer disputes to arbitration and an actual submission of disputes to arbitration. The court concluded that the term "submission" in Section 3 must be interpreted to mean an actual submission of disputes to arbitration, thereby necessitating an actual reference to arbitration before a stay of suit can be granted. 2. Jurisdiction of Indian Courts to Grant an Injunction Restraining a Party from Proceeding with Arbitration in Moscow: The second issue addressed whether Indian courts have the jurisdiction to grant an injunction against a party proceeding with arbitration in Moscow. The respondent argued that neither it nor the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission in Moscow was amenable to the jurisdiction of Indian courts, and the presence of the party in India was a prerequisite for granting an injunction. The court referenced Halsbury's Laws of England, which states that courts will restrain a person within their jurisdiction from prosecuting suits in a foreign court if necessary to prevent vexation or oppression. The court concluded that since the Russian firm had not contested the jurisdiction of Indian courts and the suit was not stayed under Section 3, it was proper to grant an injunction to prevent the Russian firm from proceeding with arbitration in Moscow while the suit was pending in India. 3. Applicability of Section 3 of the Act in the Context of International Commercial Arbitration Agreements: The third issue examined whether Section 3 of the Act mandates a stay of proceedings if there is an arbitration agreement, even without an actual submission to arbitration. The court analyzed the legislative intent behind the Act and the international conventions it aimed to implement. It noted that while the conventions intended to promote arbitration, the language of Section 3 required an actual submission to arbitration before a stay could be granted. The court acknowledged the divergence in interpretation among legal scholars and previous judgments but ultimately held that the language of Section 3 was clear and unambiguous, requiring an actual submission to arbitration. Therefore, the court decided that the appellant was not entitled to a stay of the suit solely based on the existence of an arbitration agreement. Separate Judgment by Vaidyanathier Ramaswami, J.: Justice Vaidyanathier Ramaswami dissented from the majority opinion. He argued that the term "submission" should be interpreted in its historical context, meaning an agreement to refer disputes to arbitration, and the word "agreement" should refer to the commercial contract containing the arbitral clause. He emphasized that this interpretation would align with the international obligations under the New York Convention and prevent the frustration of the Act's purpose. Consequently, he opined that the appellant was entitled to an order staying the proceedings under Section 3 of the Act. Conclusion: The majority judgment dismissed the appeals, holding that the term "submission" in Section 3 of the Act requires an actual submission of disputes to arbitration, and the Indian courts have jurisdiction to grant an injunction restraining the Russian firm from proceeding with arbitration in Moscow. Justice Vaidyanathier Ramaswami dissented, advocating for a broader interpretation of "submission" to include arbitration agreements, thereby supporting the appellant's request for a stay of proceedings.
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