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Issues:
1. Interpretation of section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 regarding expenditure incurred for business purposes. 2. Allowability of revenue expenditure for mud extraction from own land in the business of manufacturing bricks. 3. Deduction of notional value for mud taken from own land in the business of manufacturing bricks. Analysis: Issue 1: The court addressed the question of whether the sum of Rs. 1,652 incurred in a legal suit by the assessee firm, which was previously a Hindu undivided family, was a legitimate business expenditure. The Income-tax Officer disallowed the expenditure, stating it did not relate to the firm's business. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner upheld the decision, emphasizing the distinction between the family and the firm. The Tribunal concurred, ruling that the expenditure was not incurred for the business's commercial requirements, leading to the disallowance. The court affirmed this finding, stating that the expenditure was indeed related to the family business, not the firm's, and therefore, not deductible. Issue 2: Regarding the deduction claimed for mud extraction from the assessee-firm's own land, the Income-tax Officer disallowed the sum of Rs. 1,506, considering it inappropriate to charge for mud taken from the firm's land. The Tribunal upheld this decision, stating that deductions could only be claimed for actual liabilities incurred during the year. This decision was also applied to the assessment year 1968-69, with similar facts. The court agreed with the Tribunal's reasoning, denying the deduction for the notional value of mud extracted from the firm's land. Issue 3: In a separate reference for an individual carrying on the business of manufacturing bricks, a deduction of Rs. 1,372 for mud extraction was claimed. The Income-tax Officer disallowed the claim, similar to the firm's case, citing no actual expenditure incurred. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner rejected the claim, emphasizing the difference between actual cash payments and notional debits. The Tribunal also dismissed the claim, likening it to a depreciation claim on land, not a legitimate business expenditure. The court referred to a decision by the Allahabad High Court, supporting the disallowance of notional values for raw materials extracted from one's land. The Supreme Court decision cited by the assessee was deemed inapplicable, as it pertained to agricultural income tax assessments, not business income deductions. Consequently, the court affirmed the disallowance of the notional value deduction for mud extraction. In conclusion, the court ruled against the assessee in all three references, emphasizing the distinction between actual business expenditures and notional values for materials extracted from one's land, affirming the decisions of the lower authorities and denying the deductions claimed.
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