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Issues Involved:
1. Constitutionality of Section 139(1)(a) and (b) under Article 14. 2. Constitutionality of Section 271(1) under Article 14. 3. Applicability of Section 271(1)(a) for omission to file a return. 4. Discharge of liability upon filing a return under Section 139(2). 5. Validity of penalty proceedings without prior satisfaction by the Income-tax Officer. 6. Allegation of bias against the Income-tax Officer. 7. Requirement of mens rea for penalty under Section 271(1). Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Constitutionality of Section 139(1)(a) and (b) under Article 14: The petitioner argued that Section 139(1)(a) and (b) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, violates Article 14 of the Constitution by creating unreasonable classification among assessees. The court held that the classification between assessees with income from business or profession and those without is reasonable. The court noted that the six-month period for filing returns for business income earners is justified due to the complexity of their returns compared to those with income from salary or property. The court concluded that the classification has a rational nexus with the object of the statute, which is the efficient collection of income tax, and does not violate Article 14. 2. Constitutionality of Section 271(1) under Article 14: The petitioner contended that Section 271(1) vests unguided discretion in the Income-tax Officer, violating Article 14. The court rejected this argument, stating that the discretion to levy penalties is not arbitrary as it is contingent upon the officer's satisfaction that the assessee failed to furnish the return without reasonable cause. The procedural safeguards, including the right to appeal, ensure that the discretion is not misused. Thus, Section 271(1) does not infringe Article 14. 3. Applicability of Section 271(1)(a) for omission to file a return: The petitioner argued that Section 271(1)(a) applies only to cases of failure, not mere omission, to file a return. The court disagreed, stating that the obligation to file a return under Section 139(1) creates a duty, and non-compliance constitutes a failure. The court referenced the Bombay High Court's interpretation in Pannalal Nandlal Bhandari v. Income-tax Commissioner, emphasizing that failure includes omission when there is a legal duty to act. Therefore, the petitioner's non-filing of the return was a failure, attracting penalty under Section 271(1)(a). 4. Discharge of liability upon filing a return under Section 139(2): The petitioner claimed that filing a return under Section 139(2) discharges the liability to file under Section 139(1). The court clarified that Section 139(7) applies only if the return under Section 139(2) is filed within the period prescribed by Section 139(1). The court emphasized the significance of the word "already" in Section 139(7), indicating that it does not absolve the assessee from the initial obligation. The court supported this interpretation with the Rajasthan High Court's decision in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Indra & Co. 5. Validity of penalty proceedings without prior satisfaction by the Income-tax Officer: The petitioner argued that the penalty proceedings were invalid as the Income-tax Officer did not express satisfaction of non-compliance before the assessment order. The court noted that neither the Act nor the Rules require the officer to state this in the assessment order. The court found evidence in the order sheet and the notice issued on the same day, indicating the officer's satisfaction before the assessment order. Thus, the penalty proceedings were valid. 6. Allegation of bias against the Income-tax Officer: The petitioner alleged bias, claiming the officer had predetermined the penalty. The court examined the notice and found no indication of bias. The notice requested the petitioner to show cause, suggesting the officer was open to being convinced otherwise. The court found no evidence of bias or violation of natural justice principles, dismissing this contention. 7. Requirement of mens rea for penalty under Section 271(1): The petitioner argued that mens rea is required for penalties under Section 271(1), citing Nathulal v. State of Madhya Pradesh. The court assumed that non-compliance with Section 139(1) is an offense requiring mens rea. It determined that the petitioner's belief that he would receive a notice was not a reasonable cause, indicating culpable negligence. The court upheld the findings of the Income-tax Officer, Appellate Assistant Commissioner, and Tribunal that the petitioner failed to take reasonable care. Thus, the element of mens rea was sufficiently established. Conclusion: The court dismissed the writ petition, upholding the constitutionality and applicability of the relevant sections of the Income-tax Act, 1961, and confirming the validity of the penalty proceedings. The petitioner's contentions on all issues were rejected, and the penalty imposed by the Income-tax Officer was sustained. The petitioner was ordered to pay costs.
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