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Issues Involved:
1. Unexplained cash credits and cash deficits. 2. Burden of proof in penalty proceedings. 3. Applicability of the Explanation to section 271(1)(c) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Unexplained Cash Credits and Cash Deficits: The respondent-assessee, an abkari contractor, submitted a return for the assessment year 1959-60 showing an income of Rs. 7,704, though the disclosed total sales were Rs. 10,92,132. The Income-tax Officer found that on December 12, 1957, and January 16, 1958, the expenses exceeded the available cash by Rs. 17,720 and Rs. 65,066 respectively. Additionally, deposits aggregating to Rs. 28,200 were noticed in the name of some sendhi shop-keepers. The assessee explained that the excess expenditure was covered by amounts belonging to shop-keepers not entered in the books. The Income-tax Officer did not accept this explanation and held that the excess expenditure and cash deposits were unexplained, rejecting the books as unreliable. The assessee's income was determined based on the number of trees, average yield of sendhi per tree, and its average selling price, resulting in an assessment of Rs. 5,00,018. However, no separate addition was made for the excess expenditure and cash deposits. Appeals to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal resulted in a reduced assessment of Rs. 1,30,000 in addition to the book profits. 2. Burden of Proof in Penalty Proceedings: A notice under section 274 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, was issued, and the penalty proceedings were referred to the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner. The assessee reiterated his explanation, which was rejected by the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, who imposed a penalty of Rs. 75,000 under section 271(1)(c) for concealing income. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal held that there was no positive material to establish that the cash deposits represented concealed income, noting the absence of evidence to warrant such a presumption. The Tribunal also considered the possibility that intangible additions from previous years might have been ploughed back into the business. The Tribunal allowed the appeal and set aside the penalty order. 3. Applicability of the Explanation to Section 271(1)(c): The High Court discussed the burden of proof in penalty proceedings, emphasizing that assessment proceedings are revenue proceedings while penalty proceedings are criminal or quasi-criminal in nature. The burden of proof in penalty proceedings is not higher than in criminal cases. The false explanation of an assessee regarding a cash credit may lead to the conclusion that it represents concealed income if there are no other possible explanations or if there is a pattern of similar unexplained cash credits. In this case, the existence of several unexplained cash credits suggested a pattern or design to bring income receipts into the books as cash credits. The Tribunal misdirected itself by not considering the entirety of the circumstances, including the pattern of unexplained cash credits and the false explanations for cash deficits. The High Court held that the Tribunal was not justified in holding that no penalty was leviable. Conclusion: The High Court concluded that the Tribunal misdirected itself by not considering the entirety of the circumstances and the pattern of unexplained cash credits. The Tribunal's decision to set aside the penalty was not justified. The High Court answered the question in favor of the department, allowing the Tribunal to consider the quantum of penalty. The department was awarded costs of Rs. 250.
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