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TMI BlogSegment ReportingX X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... enterprise as a whole. Many enterprises provide groups of products and services or operate in geographical areas that are subject to differing rates of profitability, opportunities for growth, future prospects, and risks. Information about different types of products and services of an enterprise and its operations in different geographical areas - often called segment information - is relevant to assessing the risks and returns of a diversified or multi-locational enterprise but may not be determinable from the aggregated data. Therefore, reporting of segment information is widely regarded as necessary for meeting the needs of users of financial statements. Scope 1. This Standard should be applied in presenting general purpose financial statements. 2. The requirements of this Standard are also applicable in case of consolidated financial statements. 3. An enterprise should comply with the requirements of this Standard fully and not selectively. 4. If a single financial report contains both consolidated financial statements and the separate financial statements of the parent, segment information need be presented only on the basis of the consolidated financia ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... le basis to a segment, and (iii) revenue from transactions with other segments of the enterprise. Segment revenue does not include: (a) extraordinary items as defined in AS 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies; (b) interest or dividend income, including interest earned on advances or loans to other segments unless the operations of the segment are primarily of a financial nature; and (c) gains on sales of investments or on extinguishment of debt unless the operations of the segment are primarily of a financial nature. 5.6 Segment expense is the aggregate of (i) the expense resulting from the operating activities of a segment that is directly attributable to the segment, and (ii) the relevant portion of enterprise expense that can be allocated on a reasonable basis to the segment, including expense relating to transactions with other segments of the enterprise. Segment expense does not include: (a) extraordinary items as defined in AS 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies; (b) interest ex ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... re directly attributable to the segment or can be allocated to the segment on a reasonable basis. If the segment result of a segment includes interest expense, its segment liabilities include the related interest-bearing liabilities. Segment liabilities do not include income tax liabilities. 5.10 Segment accounting policies are the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the financial statements of the enterprise as well as those accounting policies that relate specifically to segment reporting. 6. The factors in paragraph 5 for identifying business segments and geographical segments are not listed in any particular order. 7. A single business segment does not include products and services with significantly differing risks and returns. While there may be dissimilarities with respect to one or several of the factors listed in the definition of business segment, the products and services included in a single business segment are expected to be similar with respect to a majority of the factors. 8. Similarly, a single geographical segment does not include operations in economic environments with significantly differing risks and returns. A geograp ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ed to a segment on a reasonable basis. An enterprise looks to its internal financial reporting system as the starting point for identifying those items that can be directly attributed, or reasonably allocated, to segments. There is thus a presumption that amounts that have been identified with segments for internal financial reporting purposes are directly attributable or reasonably allocable to segments for the purpose of measuring the segment revenue, segment expense, segment assets, and segment liabilities of reportable segments. 14. In some cases, however, a revenue, expense, asset or liability may have been allocated to segments for internal financial reporting purposes on a basis that is understood by enterprise management but that could be deemed arbitrary in the perception of external users of financial statements. Such an allocation would not constitute a reasonable basis under the definitions of segment revenue, segment expense, segment assets, and segment liabilities in this Standard. Conversely, an enterprise may choose not to allocate some item of revenue, expense, asset or liability for internal financial reporting purposes, even though a reasonable basis for doing ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... reporting, such as identification of segments, method of pricing inter-segment transfers, and basis for allocating revenues and expenses to segments. Identifying Reportable Segments Primary and Secondary Segment Reporting Formats 19. The dominant source and nature of risks and returns of an enterprise should govern whether its primary segment reporting format will be business segments or geographical segments. If the risks and returns of an enterprise are affected predominantly by differences in the products and services it produces, its primary format for reporting segment information should be business segments, with secondary information reported geographically. Similarly, if the risks and returns of the enterprise are affected predominantly by the fact that it operates in different countries or other geographical areas, its primary format for reporting segment information should be geographical segments, with secondary information reported for groups of related products and services. 20. Internal organisation and management structure of an enterprise and its system of internal financial reporting to the board of directors and the chief executive officer shoul ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... vide useful information if risks and returns of an enterprise are strongly affected both by differences in the products and services it produces and by differences in the geographical areas in which it operates. This Standard does not require, but does not prohibit, a matrix presentation . 23. In some cases, organisation and internal reporting of an enterprise may have developed along lines unrelated to both the types of products and services it produces, and the geographical areas in which it operates. In such cases, the internally reported segment data will not meet the objective of this Standard. Accordingly, paragraph 20(b) requires the directors and management of the enterprise to determine whether the risks and returns of the enterprise are more product/service driven or geographically driven and to accordingly choose business segments or geographical segments as the primary basis of segment reporting. The objective is to achieve a reasonable degree of comparability with other enterprises, enhance understandability of the resulting information, and meet the needs of investors, creditors, and others for information about product/service-related and geographically related r ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... al segment based on the factors in paragraph 5, the criteria in paragraph 27 for identifying reportable segments should be applied to that segment. 26. Under this Standard, most enterprises will identify their business and geographical segments as the organisational units for which information is reported to the board of the directors (particularly the non-executive directors, if any) and to the chief executive officer (the senior operating decision maker, which in some cases may be a group of several people) for the purpose of evaluating each unit s performance and for making decisions about future allocations of resources. Even if an enterprise must apply paragraph 25 because its internal segments are not along product/service or geographical lines, it will consider the next lower level of internal segmentation that reports information along product and service lines or geographical lines rather than construct segments solely for external reporting purposes. This approach of looking to organisational and management structure of an enterprise and its internal financial reporting system to identify the business and geographical segments of the enterprise for external reporting ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... or comparative purposes should, unless it is impracticable to do so, be restated to reflect the newly reportable segment as a separate segment, even if that segment did not satisfy the 10 per cent thresholds in the preceding period. Segment Accounting Policies 33. Segment information should be prepared in conformity with the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the financial statements of the enterprise as a whole. 34. There is a presumption that the accounting policies that the directors and management of an enterprise have chosen to use in preparing the financial statements of the enterprise as a whole are those that the directors and management believe are the most appropriate for external reporting purposes. Since the purpose of segment information is to help users of financial statements better understand and make more informed judgments about the enterprise as a whole, this Statement requires the use, in preparing segment information, of the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the financial statements of the enterprise as a whole. That does not mean, however, that the enterprise accounting policies are to be applied to repo ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... d for secondary reporting format of an enterprise. Enterprises are encouraged to make all of the primary-segment disclosures identified in paragraphs 39-46 for each reportable secondary segment although paragraphs 47-51 require considerably less disclosure on the secondary basis. Paragraphs 53-59 address several other segment disclosure matters. Illustration III attached to this Standard illustrates the application of these disclosure standards. Explanation: In case, by applying the definitions of 'business segment' and 'geographical segment', it is concluded that there is neither more than one business segment nor more than one geographical segment, segment information as per this Standard is not required to be disclosed. However, the fact that there is only one 'business segment' and 'geographical segment' is disclosed by way of a note. Primary Reporting Format 39. The disclosure requirements in paragraphs 40-46 should be applied to each reportable segment based on primary reporting format of an enterprise. 40. An enterprise should disclose the following for each reportable segment: (a) segment revenue, classified into ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e nature and amount of any items of segment revenue and segment expense that are of such size, nature, or incidence that their disclosure is relevant to explain the performance of the segment for the period. Such disclosure is not intended to change the classification of any such items of revenue or expense from ordinary to extraordinary or to change the measurement of such items. The disclosure, however, does change the level at which the significance of such items is evaluated for disclosure purposes from the enterprise level to the segment level. 44. An enterprise that reports the amount of cash flows arising from operating, investing and financing activities of a segment need not disclose depreciation and amortisation expense and non-cash expenses of such segment pursuant to sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) of paragraph 40. 45. AS 3, Cash Flow Statements, recommends that an enterprise present a cash flow statement that separately reports cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities. Disclosure of information regarding operating, investing and financing cash flows of each reportable segment is relevant to understanding the enterprise s overall financial position ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... geographical segments; and (c) the total cost incurred during the period to acquire segment assets that are expected to be used during more than one period (tangible and intangible fixed assets) by geographical location of assets, for each geographical segment whose segment assets are 10 per cent or more of the total assets of all geographical segments. 49. If primary format of an enterprise for reporting segment information is geographical segments (whether based on location of assets or location of customers), it should also report the following segment information for each business segment whose revenue from sales to external customers is 10 per cent or more of enterprise revenue or whose segment assets are 10 per cent or more of the total assets of all business segments: (a) segment revenue from external customers; (b) the total carrying amount of segment assets; and (c) the total cost incurred during the period to acquire segment assets that are expected to be used during more than one period (tangible and intangible fixed assets). 50. If primary format of an enterprise for reporting segment information is geographical segments that ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ith AS 5. AS 5 requires that any change in an accounting policy which has a material effect should be disclosed. The impact of, and the adjustments resulting from, such change, if material, should be shown in the financial statements of the period in which such change is made, to reflect the effect of such change. Where the effect of such change is not ascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact should be indicated. If a change is made in the accounting policies which has no material effect on the financial statements for the current period but which is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later periods, the fact of such change should be appropriately disclosed in the period in which the change is adopted. 57. Some changes in accounting policies relate specifically to segment reporting. Examples include changes in identification of segments and changes in the basis for allocating revenues and expenses to segments. Such changes can have a significant impact on the segment information reported but will not change aggregate financial information reported for the enterprise. To enable users to understand the impact of such changes, this Standard requires the disclosure of ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ue (para 29) Identify additional segment until 75% threshold is reached (para) No Illustration II Illustration on Determination of Reportable Segments [Paragraphs 27-29] This illustration does not form part of the Accounting Standard. Its purpose is to illustrate the application of paragraphs 27-29 of the Accounting Standard. An enterprise operates through eight segments, namely, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. The relevant information about these segments is given in the following table (amounts in ₹ 000): A B C D E F G H Total (Segments) Total (Enterprise 1. Segment Revenue - 255 15 10 15 50 20 35 400 ( b ) Inter-segment Sales 100 60 30 5 ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... able segments. (b) As per the requirements of paragraph 27(b), it is to be first identified whether the combined result of all segments in profit or the combined result of all segments in loss is greater in absolute amount. From the table, it is evident that combined result in loss (i.e., ₹ 100,000) is greater. Therefore, the individual segment result as a percentage of ₹ 100,000 needs to be examined. In accordance with paragraph 27(b), Segments B and C are reportable segments as their segment result is more than the threshold limit of 10%. (c) Segments A, B and D are reportable segments as per paragraph 27(c), as their segment assets are more than 10% of the total segment assets. Thus, Segments A, B, C and D are reportable segments in terms of the criteria laid down in paragraph 27. Paragraph 28 of the Statement gives an option to the management of the enterprise to designate any segment as a reportable segment. In the given case, it is presumed that the management decides to designate Segment E as a reportable segment. Paragraph 29 requires that if total external revenue attributable to reportable segments identified as aforesaid constitute ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Inter-segment sales 15 10 10 14 2 4 2 2 (29) (30) Total Revenue 70 60 30 31 21 20 9 9 (29) (30) 101 90 RESULT Segment result 20 17 9 7 2 1 0 0 (1) (1) 30 24 Unallocated corporate expenses (7) (9) Operating profit 23 15 Interest expense ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 3 3 4 Non-cash expenses other than depreciation 8 2 7 3 2 2 2 1 Note xx- Business and Geographical Segments (amounts in Rs. lakhs) Business segments: For management purposes, the Company is organised on a worldwide basis into three major operating divisions-paper products, office products and publishing - each headed by a senior vice president. The divisions are the basis on which the company reports its primary segment information. The paper products segment produces a broad range of writing and publishing papers and newsprint. The office products segment manufactures labels, binders, pens, and markers and also distributes office products made by others. The publishing segment develops and sells books in the fields of taxation, law and accounting. Other operations include development of computer software for standard and specialised business applications. Financial information about business segments is presented in the a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 2 78 8 5 European Union 47 37 5 4 Canada and the United States 34 20 4 3 Indonesia 22 20 7 6 175 155 24 18 Segment revenue and expense: In India, paper and office products are manufactured in combined facilities and are sold by a combined sales force. Joint revenues and expenses are allocated to the two business segments on a reasonable basis. All other segment revenue and expense are directly attributable to the segments. Segment assets and liabilities: Segment assets include all operating assets used by a segment and consist principally of operating cash, debtors, inventories and fixed assets, net of allowances and provisions which are reported as direct offsets in the balance sheet. While most such assets can be directly attributed to individual segments, the carrying amount of certain asset ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ments by location of customers [40( a )] Segment result by business segment [40( b )] Segment result by location of assets [40( b )] Segment result by location of customers [40( b )] Carrying amount of segment assets by business segment [40( c )] Carrying amount of segment assets by location of assets [40( c )] Carrying amount of segment assets by location of customers [40( c )] Segment liabilities by business segment [40( d )] Segment liabilities by location of assets [40( d )] Segment liabilities by location of customers [40( d )] Cost to acquire tangible and intangible fixed assets by business segment [40( e )] Cost to acquire tangible and intangible fixed assets by location of assets [40( e )] Cost to acquire tangible and intangible fixed assets by location of customers [40( e )] Depreciation and amortisation expense by business segment [40( f )] Depreciation and amortisation expense by location of assets[40( f )] Dep ..... 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