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Issues Involved:
1. Recovery of bad debts and its taxability. 2. Deductibility of payments made under statutory obligations from income. Detailed Analysis: 1. Recovery of Bad Debts and its Taxability: The primary issue addressed was whether the recovery of the sum of $6,437 could be deemed to be the recovery of bad debts and assessable as such. The assessee, a money-lending firm, had realized various amounts in Japanese currency during the enemy occupation period. After the re-occupation, the Malayan Government enacted the Debtor and Creditor (Occupation Period) Ordinance, 1948, which scaled down the value of the Japanese currency to Malayan currency. The assessee collected $6,437 during the year ended April 12, 1952, which the Income-tax Officer included in the assessment, viewing it as income. The Tribunal held that the recoveries constituted bad debt recoveries normally assessable, as the assessee had written off the debtors indirectly by claiming the amounts as losses under the special scheme. However, the High Court found this view erroneous, stating that debts repaid in occupation currency could not be described as bad debts since they were validly discharged under the law at the time. The Court clarified that repayments received in discharge of the revived debt should be treated as partaking of the same character as the original debt, i.e., principal or interest. Therefore, the assessee would not be liable to tax on amounts received as or towards the principal but would be liable for amounts received as or towards interest. 2. Deductibility of Payments Made Under Statutory Obligations from Income: The second issue dealt with whether the payments made by the assessee to creditors under the Ordinance were deductible from the foreign profits of the assessment years 1951-52 and 1952-53. The assessee had to make further payments to creditors whose debts were repaid in full in Japanese currency during the occupation period. The Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner refused the deductions, viewing them as repayments of capital and not business expenses. The High Court held that the obligation to repay was created by a statutory enactment and could not be avoided. It distinguished between payments made towards interest on borrowed money, which are necessary business expenses, and payments made in repayment of the principal borrowed, which are capital in nature. The Court concluded that the assessee would be entitled to deduct from his income only such amounts as paid on account of interest, not principal. Conclusion: The High Court provided a clear distinction between receipts and payments concerning principal and interest. For recoveries, the assessee would not be liable to tax on amounts received as or towards the principal but would be liable for amounts received as or towards interest. For payments, the assessee would be entitled to deduct from his income only such amounts as paid on account of interest, not principal. The Tribunal was directed to verify the statements and revise the assessments based on these directions, giving both the assessees and the Department an opportunity to place further material before the Tribunal.
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