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Issues Involved:
1. Validity of Rule 1 of the High Court Fees Rules, 1956. 2. Validity of the Madras Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1955. 3. Nature of "fees taken in court" under the Constitution. 4. Whether the impugned fees are court fees or taxes on litigants. Detailed Analysis: 1. Validity of Rule 1 of the High Court Fees Rules, 1956: The petitioner challenged the validity of Rule 1 of the High Court Fees Rules, 1956, arguing that it was void and ultra vires because the Madras Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1955, which had been applied in these Rules, was also void and ultra vires. The petitioner contended that there was no justification for the increase in court fees in 1955 and 1956, asserting that the increases were without legal or actual jurisdiction. The petitioner also argued that the State was improperly using court fees to cover both civil and criminal administration costs, which was unwarranted. 2. Validity of the Madras Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1955: The petitioner alleged that the fees levied exceeded the cost of administration of civil justice, and inadmissible items such as fees of Government's Law Officers were included in the expenditure calculations. The State, in its affidavit, maintained that the Act and the Rules were legal and valid, and that the court fees were not excessive. The State provided figures to show that the expenditure on the administration of justice was higher than the fees realized, rebutting the petitioner's contentions. 3. Nature of "fees taken in court" under the Constitution: The Court examined whether "fees taken in court" under Entry 3 List II Schedule VIII of the Constitution were taxes, fees, or sui generis. The Court referred to historical practices in England and India, noting that fees were initially appropriated by court officials and later used to cover the cost of administration of justice. The Court concluded that "fees taken in court" are not taxes, as they must have a broad correlation with the cost of administration of civil justice. The Court emphasized that while the legislature can levy fees to cover the cost of civil justice, it cannot tax litigation to generate general revenue. 4. Whether the impugned fees are court fees or taxes on litigants: The Court held that the fees must have a general correlation with the cost of administration of civil justice. The Court noted that if the fees are used to increase general public revenue, they would be considered taxes, which is beyond the competence of the State Legislature. The Court agreed with the Madras High Court that the fees taken in Courts must contain the essential elements of fees as laid down by the Court. The Court emphasized that the State must justify any enhancement in court fees by showing a correlation with the cost of administration of civil justice. Conclusion: The Supreme Court set aside the judgment of the High Court and remanded the case for further examination. The High Court was directed to give the writ petitioners an opportunity to file affidavits in reply to the supplemental counter affidavit filed by the State. The High Court was instructed to decide whether the impugned fees are court fees or taxes on litigants or litigation. The appeal was allowed, and the case was remanded for further proceedings.
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