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Reopening of assessment under Section 34 of the Income-tax Act based on definite information. Analysis: The case involved a reference under Section 66(1) of the Income-tax Act to decide whether the Income-tax Officer was entitled to reopen the assessment under Section 34. The assessee, a barrister, was initially assessed for the year 1940-41, where losses from share transactions were not allowed as deductions. Subsequently, a new officer issued a notice under Section 34 in 1942, leading to an enhanced assessment. The key question was whether the conditions of Section 34 were met before the officer took action. Section 34 requires three conditions to be satisfied: definite information in possession, discovery of under-assessment, and the discovery being a result of that information. The court emphasized the importance of "definite information" to protect against arbitrary actions by the officer. Mere change of opinion or a closer study of facts does not constitute discovery under Section 34. The court referred to a previous case to highlight that the information must lead to a discovery, not just a change in opinion. The judgment emphasized that the information must be new facts not previously known to the officer. The court scrutinized the assessment process and found no evidence of definite information leading to the discovery of under-assessment. The court noted that the amendment to Section 34 in 1939 aimed to restrict reopening of assessments unless in specific circumstances, ensuring taxpayers are not unnecessarily harassed. The court concluded that the Income-tax Officer was not justified in reopening the assessment under Section 34, as the conditions precedent were not fulfilled. Justice Braund added that Section 34 was not intended to grant officers a license to reinvestigate based on mere suspicion. He highlighted the distinction between the discovery itself and the definite information leading to that discovery. The judgment criticized the lack of evidence showing the officer reopened the assessment based on specific information, rather than dissatisfaction with the initial assessment. The court held that no definite information was shown to have prompted the reassessment, leading to the decision that the officer was not entitled to reopen the assessment under Section 34. In conclusion, the court answered the reference in the negative, ruling that the Income-tax Officer was not entitled to reopen the assessment under Section 34. The case highlighted the stringent requirements of Section 34 and the significance of specific, new information as a basis for reopening assessments. The judgment aimed to ensure fairness and prevent arbitrary actions by tax authorities, safeguarding taxpayers against unwarranted reassessments.
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