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Issues:
1. Whether provisions for doubtful debts and advances can be treated as free reserves for computing the capital of a company for surtax purposes. Detailed Analysis: The High Court of Bombay considered a reference made under the Income-tax Act, 1961, and the Companies (Profits) Surtax Act, 1964, regarding the treatment of provisions for doubtful debts and advances as free reserves for computing a company's capital for surtax. The assessee, a limited company, had made provisions for doubtful debts and advances during the relevant assessment year. The contention was that these provisions should not be deducted in computing the company's capital for surtax as they were part of the capital. However, the Income tax Officer, Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals), and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal did not accept this argument, leading to the reference at the instance of the assessee. The core issue revolved around determining whether the provisions for doubtful debts and advances were actually reserves despite being named as provisions in the company's books. The court emphasized that the classification as a provision or reserve is based on the true nature and character of the amount set apart by the assessee. If the amount is kept aside for a known or existing liability, it is termed as a provision; however, if the provision exceeds what is reasonably necessary, the excess is treated as a reserve. In this case, the provisions for doubtful debts and advances were not for any known liability and were not deductible in computing the company's income, as per the Income-tax Act. The court referred to Section 36 of the Income-tax Act, which deals with the allowability of deductions for bad debts in business income computation. It highlighted that only debts established as bad debts and written off irrecoverable are considered for deduction, indicating that provisions for future losses on bad debts are not taken into account for income computation. Therefore, the court concluded that a provision for doubtful debts or advances, though named as a provision, effectively functions as a reserve as the company sets aside part of its capital to meet future contingencies. As a result, the court held that these provisions should be treated as reserves and included in computing the company's capital for surtax purposes. Ultimately, the court answered the referred question in favor of the assessee and against the Revenue, stating that the provisions for doubtful debts and advances should be considered as reserves for calculating the company's capital for surtax.
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