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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the appellant was a quasi-permanent employee and Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Temporary Service) Rules, 1949, did not apply to him. 2. Whether Rule 5 was invalid as it was hit by Article 16 of the Constitution and whether the action taken against the appellant was discriminatory. 3. Whether the appellant, even as a temporary government servant, was entitled to the protection of Article 311(2) of the Constitution in the circumstances of this case. Issue-wise Analysis: 1. Quasi-Permanent Employee Status: The first question addressed was whether the appellant was a quasi-permanent employee under Rule 3 of the Central Civil Services (Temporary Service) Rules, 1949. Rule 3 states that a government servant shall be deemed to be in quasi-permanent service if: (i) He has been in continuous government service for more than three years; and (ii) The appointing authority has issued a declaration to that effect. The appellant contended that the two sub-clauses should be read disjunctively, meaning that fulfilling either condition would suffice for quasi-permanent status. However, the court held that both conditions must be satisfied conjunctively. The court emphasized that quasi-permanent service begins only from the date a declaration is issued under sub-clause (ii) of Rule 3. Since no such declaration was made in the appellant's case, he could not claim to be in quasi-permanent service and thus was not entitled to the protections under Article 311(2). 2. Validity of Rule 5 and Discrimination: Rule 5 allows the termination of a temporary government servant's service by giving one month's notice or payment in lieu of notice. The appellant argued that Rule 5 was invalid as it violated Article 16 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment. The court found no merit in this argument, stating that the classification of government servants into permanent, quasi-permanent, and temporary categories is reasonable. Differences in termination procedures between these classes do not violate Article 16. The court also noted that the nature of temporary employment justifies different conditions of service, including termination rules. Regarding the claim of discrimination, the appellant cited instances where junior and less qualified Assistant Directors were retained while his services were terminated. The court rejected this claim, stating that the appellant's termination was based on unsatisfactory conduct, not on discriminatory grounds. The court clarified that discrimination claims might arise in cases of retrenchment due to post abolition but not in cases of termination for unsatisfactory conduct. 3. Protection under Article 311(2): The final issue was whether the appellant, as a temporary government servant, was entitled to the protection of Article 311(2), which safeguards against dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank without a proper inquiry. The court reiterated that temporary servants are entitled to Article 311(2) protection only if the termination amounts to punishment. The court distinguished between a preliminary inquiry for internal satisfaction and a formal departmental inquiry intended for punishment. In this case, the memorandum issued to the appellant in December 1953 did not lead to a formal departmental inquiry. Instead, the appellant was transferred to Bombay, and his services were terminated later due to unsatisfactory performance, not as a punitive measure. The court concluded that the termination under Rule 5 was not punitive and did not attract Article 311(2) protections. The appeal was dismissed, affirming the validity of the termination under Rule 5 and rejecting claims of quasi-permanent status, discrimination, and entitlement to Article 311(2) protection. Conclusion: The court dismissed the appeal, holding that the appellant was not a quasi-permanent employee, Rule 5 was valid and non-discriminatory, and the termination did not violate Article 311(2). The appellant's claims were rejected on all counts, and no costs were awarded.
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