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Issues:
1. Allowability of bad debts under section 10(2)(xi) for a firm succeeding a Hindu undivided family business after partition. Analysis: The judgment pertains to a case where a Hindu undivided family, engaged in a sandalwood oil business, underwent partition, and the business was continued by the father and one son as a partnership firm. The firm sought to write off bad and irrecoverable debts amounting to &8377; 19,812 as a business expense for the assessment year 1956-57. The Income-tax Officer disallowed the claim, considering the debts as capital loss post-partition. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner allowed a portion, and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal upheld the decision, deeming the debts as capital receipts. The primary issue revolved around whether the firm succeeded the family business, making the bad debts allowable under section 10(2)(xi) of the Income Tax Act. The statutory provision in question, section 10(2)(xi), allows for the deduction of bad debts in business accounts if certain conditions are met. The debt must be a business debt, incurred during business operations, and must have become bad and irrecoverable in the relevant accounting year. The method of accounting should not be on a cash basis, except for banking or money-lending businesses. In this case, the debts in question were trade debts due to the family business, and if the family had continued the business, the debts would have been within the scope of the provision. The court delved into the distinction between discontinuance and succession of a business post-partition. It emphasized that if the business structure remains intact and ownership changes hands without impairing the business's identity, it constitutes succession, not discontinuance. The court cited precedents to establish that a business allotted to family members post-partition can be succeeded by them if the business's unity is maintained. The judgment also highlighted that the change of ownership from the family to the firm, due to the partition and formation of a partnership, constituted a succession of the business, making the bad debts allowable as business expenses. In contrast, the court addressed the department's reliance on a previous case where a complete disintegration of the family business post-partition led to discontinuance. The court clarified that in the present case, the business continued with its integrity intact, signifying a change of ownership by operation of law. The partnership formed to continue the business after partition was deemed a succession of the pre-existing business, entitling the firm to claim the bad debts as a business expense under section 10(2)(xi). Ultimately, the court ruled in favor of the assessee, granting costs and confirming the allowance of bad debts as business expenses. In conclusion, the judgment clarifies the distinction between discontinuance and succession of a business post-partition and establishes the eligibility of a firm succeeding a Hindu undivided family business to claim bad debts as business expenses under section 10(2)(xi) of the Income Tax Act.
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