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2021 (9) TMI 626 - SC - GSTRefund of unutilised ITC on input services - challenge to validity of Rule 89(5) on the ground that it is ultra vires Section 54(3)(ii) - interpretation of sub-Section (3) to Section 54 and Explanation 1 to sub-Section (1) of Section 54 - HELD THAT - Parliament while enacting sub-Section (3) of Section 54 has stipulated that no refund of unutilized ITC shall be allowed other than in the two specific situations envisaged in clauses (i) and (ii) of the first proviso. Whereas clause (i) has dealt with zero rated supplies made without the payment of tax, clause (ii), which governs domestic supplies, has envisaged a more restricted ambit where the credit has accumulated on account of the rate of tax on inputs being higher than the rate of tax on output supplies. While the CGST Act defines the expression input in Section 2(59) by bracketing it with goods other than capital goods, it is true that the plural expression inputs has not been specifically defined. But there is no reason why the ordinary principle of construing the plural in the same plane as the singular should not be applied. To construe inputs so as to include both input goods and input services would do violence to the provisions of Section 54(3) and would run contrary to the terms of Explanation-I which have been noted earlier - Consequently, it is not open to the Court to accept the argument of the assessee that in the process of construing Section 54(3) contextually, the Court should broaden the expression inputs to cover both goods and services. Refund is a matter of a statutory prescription. Parliament was within its legislative authority in determining whether refunds should be allowed of unutilised ITC tracing its origin both to input goods and input services or, as it has legislated, input goods alone. By its clear stipulation that a refund would be admissible only where the unutilised ITC has accumulated on account of the rate of tax on inputs being higher than the rate of tax on output supplies, Parliament has confined the refund in the manner which we have described above. While recognising an entitlement to refund, it is open to the legislature to define the circumstances in which a refund can be claimed. The proviso to Section 54(3) is not a condition of eligibility (as the assessees Counsel submitted) but a restriction which must govern the grant of refund under Section 54(3). Vires of Rule 89(5) vis- -vis Section 54(3) of the CGST Act - HELD THAT - The challenge to Rule 89(5) as a piece of delegated legislation on the ground that it is ultra vires Clause (ii) of the first proviso to Section 54(3) is lacking in substance. As reasoned in the earlier part of this judgment, Clause (ii) of the first proviso is not merely a condition of eligibility for availing of a refund but a substantive restriction under which a refund of unutilized ITC can be availed of only when the accumulation is relatable to an inverted duty structure, namely the tax on input goods being higher than the rate of tax on output supplies. There is therefore no disharmony between Rule 89(5) on the one hand and Section 54(3) particularly Clause (ii) of its first proviso on the other hand. It would be material to advert to the provisions of Rule 42. Rule 42(1) provides that the ITC in respect of input goods or input services which attract the provisions of sub-Section (1) or sub-Section (2) of Section 17 being partly used for the purpose of business and partly for other purposes or partly used for affecting taxable supplies including zero rated supplies and partly for effecting exempts supplies shall be attributed for the purposes of business or for effecting taxable supplies in the manner which is indicated in the Rule. Sub-Section (1) of Section 17 provides that where the goods and services or both are used by a registered person partly for the purposes of any business and partly for any other purpose, the amount of credit shall be restricted to so much of the input tax as is attributable to the purpose of its business - Rule 89(5) provides for a refund. In both sets of rule clusters, Rules 42 and 43 on the one hand and Rule 89(5) on the other hand, a formula is used for the purpose of attribution in a post assimilated scenario. The use of such formulae is a familiar terrain in fiscal legislation including delegated legislation under parent norms and is neither untoward nor ultra vires. Parliament engrafted a provision for refund Section 54(3). In enacting such a provision, Parliament is entitled to make policy choices and adopt appropriate classifications, given the latitude which our constitutional jurisprudence allows it in matters involving tax legislation and to provide for exemptions, concessions and benefits on terms, as it considers appropriate. The consistent line of precedent of this Court emphasises certain basic precepts which govern both judicial review and judicial interpretation of tax legislation. The purpose of the formula in Rule 89(5) is to give effect to Section 54(3)(ii) which makes a distinction between input goods and input services for grant of refund. Once the principle behind Section 54(3)(ii) of the CGST Act is upheld, the formula cannot be struck down merely for giving effect to the same. The Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court in VKC FOOTSTEPS INDIA PVT. LTD. VERSUS UNION OF INDIA 2 OTHER (S) 2020 (7) TMI 726 - GUJARAT HIGH COURT having examined the provisions of Section 54(3) and Rule 89(5) held that the latter was ultra vires. In its decision in VKC Footsteps India Pvt. Ltd, the Gujarat High Court held that by prescribing a formula in sub-Rule (5) of Rule 89 of the CGST Rules to execute refund of unutilized ITC accumulated on account of input services, the delegate of the legislature had acted contrary to the provisions of sub-Section (3) of Section 54 of the CGST Act which provides for a claim of refund of any unutilized ITC. The Gujarat High Court noted the definition of ITC in Section 2(62) and held that Rule 89(5) by restricting the refund only to input goods had acted ultra vires Section 54(3). The Division Bench of the Madras High Court on the other hand while delivering its judgment in Tvl. Transtonnelstory Afcons Joint Venture 2020 (9) TMI 931 - MADRAS HIGH COURT declined to follow the view of the Gujarat High Court noting that the proviso to Section 54(3) and, more significantly, its implications do not appear to have been taken into consideration in VKC Footsteps India Pvt. Ltd. except for a brief reference. The appeals filed by the Union of India against the judgment of the Gujarat High Court dated 4 July 2020 in VKC Footsteps India Pvt. Ltd. and connected cases are allowed and the judgment shall be set aside - The appeals filed by the assessees against the judgment of the Madras High Court in Tvl. Transtonnelstroy Afcons Joint Venture (supra) and connected cases dated 21 September 2020 shall stand dismissed. Application disposed off.
Issues Involved:
1. Distinction between goods and services. 2. Interpretation of Section 54(3) of the CGST Act. 3. Validity of Rule 89(5) of the CGST Rules. 4. Constitutional scheme of GST. 5. Refund of unutilized input tax credit (ITC). Detailed Analysis: 1. Distinction between Goods and Services: The Union of India argued that goods and services are distinct at a constitutional level, with separate definitions under the Constitution and the CGST Act. Goods are tangible commodities, while services are intangible activities. This distinction is maintained throughout the GST framework, affecting how taxes and refunds are applied. 2. Interpretation of Section 54(3) of the CGST Act: The main clause of Section 54(3) allows a registered person to claim a refund of any unutilized ITC at the end of any tax period. The first proviso restricts this refund to two situations: zero-rated supplies made without payment of tax and credit accumulation due to an inverted duty structure where the rate of tax on inputs is higher than the rate of tax on output supplies. The Union argued that the proviso is a restriction, not a condition of eligibility, limiting refunds to specific scenarios. 3. Validity of Rule 89(5) of the CGST Rules: Rule 89(5) was challenged for restricting refunds to ITC on input goods, excluding input services. The Union argued that this rule is consistent with Section 54(3) of the CGST Act, which only allows refunds for credit accumulation due to an inverted duty structure involving input goods. The assessees contended that this rule is ultra vires Section 54(3) and discriminates between input goods and input services. 4. Constitutional Scheme of GST: The GST framework aims to create a seamless flow of credit and eliminate the cascading effect of taxes. The constitutional amendment and subsequent legislation were designed to harmonize the tax structure across goods and services. The GST Council plays a crucial role in ensuring a harmonized national market for goods and services. 5. Refund of Unutilized Input Tax Credit (ITC): The assessees argued that Section 54(3) should allow refunds for unutilized ITC on both input goods and input services to maintain tax neutrality and equivalence. The Union countered that the legislative intent was to restrict refunds to cases where the inverted duty structure arises due to input goods, not services. Conclusion: The Supreme Court upheld the view of the Madras High Court, affirming that Rule 89(5) is consistent with Section 54(3) of the CGST Act. The appeals by the Union of India against the Gujarat High Court's judgment were allowed, and the judgment was set aside. The appeals by the assessees against the Madras High Court's judgment were dismissed. The GST Council was urged to reconsider the formula prescribed in Rule 89(5) to address any anomalies.
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