1993 (3) TMI 96 - SC - Customs

Whether Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976 applies only in case of persons who have been detained under the COFEPOSA prior to the commencement of the Act (SAFEMA)? Whether it is not proved that the properties forfeited are illegally acquired properties within the meaning of clause (c) of sub-section (1) of Section 3 - in particular of sub-clause (iii) thereof? Held that - There is nothing in the Act to indicate either directly or by necessary intendment that the Act is confined only to those persons who have been detained under COFEPOSA or who have been convicted under the Customs Act or FERA prior to the commencement of the SAFEMA. The use of the words has been made in Section 2(2)(b) does not and cannot lead to such conclusion. The use of the said words must be understood in the context of Section 2(2) which provides that every person in respect of whom an order of detention has been made and which detention order has not been revoked or withdrawn by the competent authority nor has been set aside by a competent court, can be proceeded against under SAFEMA. There is also no reason to presume that the Parliament intended to extend any immunity to smugglers and manipulators of foreign exchange who are proceeded against under enactments other than those mentioned in Sections 11 and 16 of the Voluntary Disclosure Act. So far as the argument that the authorities under the Act have not properly considered the explanation offered by the appellants and the material produced by them, we must say that we are unable to agree with the same. Both the competent authority and the Appellate Authority have considered the same and held against the appellants. We see no reason to interfere with the concurrent findings in this appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. Appeal dismissed.

Issues Involved:
1. Applicability of the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976 (SAFEMA) to persons detained under COFEPOSA after the commencement of SAFEMA.
2. Proof of properties being "illegally acquired" under SAFEMA.
3. Consideration of explanations and adherence to procedural requirements by authorities under SAFEMA.

Detailed Analysis:

1. Applicability of SAFEMA to Persons Detained Under COFEPOSA Post-Commencement of SAFEMA:

The appellant contended that SAFEMA applies only to persons detained under COFEPOSA before the commencement of SAFEMA. This argument was based on the interpretation of the words "has been made" in Section 2(2)(b) of SAFEMA. However, the court rejected this contention, stating that there is no indication in the Act that it is confined to persons detained before SAFEMA's commencement. The court clarified that Section 2(2)(b) must be understood in the context of the entire subsection, which includes the conditions that the detention order must not have been revoked, withdrawn, or set aside. Explanation 4 of Section 2(2) further supports this interpretation by stating that the applicability of SAFEMA can be determined with reference to events occurring before its commencement. Thus, the Act applies to persons detained under COFEPOSA regardless of whether the detention occurred before or after SAFEMA's commencement.

2. Proof of Properties Being "Illegally Acquired" Under SAFEMA:

The appellants argued that the properties in question were not "illegally acquired" as defined under Section 3(c) of SAFEMA and that the authorities failed to give effect to the immunity conferred by the Voluntary Disclosure of Income and Wealth Act, 1976. The court noted that Sections 11 and 16 of the Voluntary Disclosure Act provide limited immunity, which does not extend to proceedings under SAFEMA. The court emphasized that the immunity under the Voluntary Disclosure Act is specific to certain penalties and prosecutions under specified tax laws and does not cover forfeiture proceedings under SAFEMA. Therefore, the authorities were justified in calling upon the appellants to explain the source of the income declared under the Voluntary Disclosure Act.

3. Consideration of Explanations and Adherence to Procedural Requirements by Authorities Under SAFEMA:

The appellants contended that their explanations were rejected without proper discussion and that the findings of the authorities were perverse and unsupported by evidence. The court reviewed the records and found that both the competent authority and the Appellate Authority had duly considered the explanations and materials provided by the appellants. The court observed that the authorities acted with due care and caution, as evidenced by their decision to impose a fine instead of forfeiture in cases where the failure to explain pertained only to part of the income/assets. The court found no reason to interfere with the concurrent findings of the authorities, dismissing the appellants' arguments regarding procedural lapses and lack of evidence.

Additional Consideration:

The appellants' counsel argued that the authorities acted arbitrarily by targeting small shopkeepers while ignoring bigger violators. The court acknowledged the sentiment but stated that this argument does not constitute a legal ground for allowing the appeals. The court emphasized that it is the responsibility of the authorities to ensure that the Act is applied fairly and in all proper cases, including those involving more significant violators.

Conclusion:

The appeals were dismissed, and the court upheld the orders of forfeiture issued by the authorities under SAFEMA. The court found no merit in the appellants' contentions regarding the applicability of SAFEMA, the proof of properties being illegally acquired, or the adherence to procedural requirements. The judgment underscores the limited scope of immunity under the Voluntary Disclosure Act and the broad applicability of SAFEMA to persons detained under COFEPOSA, regardless of the timing of the detention.

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