9911796707
TMI Blog1984 (7) TMI 401X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... een her and the appellant, Sharad Birdhichand Sarda. Soon after the marriage, Manju left for her new marital home and started residing with the appellant in Takshila apartments at Pune. Unfortunately, however, to her utter dismay and disappointment she found that the treatment of her husband and his parents towards her was cruel and harsh and her cherished dreams seem to have been shattered to pieces. Despite this shocking state of affairs she did not give in and kept hoping against hope and being of a very noble and magnanimous nature she was always willing to forgive and forget. As days passed by, despite her most laudable attitude she found that things were not what they seem and to quote her own words she was treated in her husbands house as a labourer or as an unpaid maid-servant . She was made to do all sorts of odd jobs and despite her protests to her husband nothing seems to have happened. Even so, Manju had such a soft and gentle frame of mind as never to complain to her parents-in-law, not even to her husband except sometimes. On finding things unbearable, she did protest, and ex pressed her feelings in clearest possible terms, in a fit of utter desperation and frustra ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 1982 when her marriage was solemnised with the appellant preceded by a formal betrothal ceremony on 2.8.8. after the marriage, Manju, for the first time, went to her parents' house on 22.2.82 for a very short period and returned to Pune on 26.2.82. It is the prosecution case that on 17.3.82 the appellant had called Manju at Pearl Hotel where he introduced her to Ujvala and told her that she must act according to the dictates and orders of Ujvala if she wanted to lead a comfortable life with her husband. In other words, the suggestion was that the appellant made it clear to his wife that Ujvala was the real mistress of the house and Manju was there only to obey her orders. After this incident, Manju went to her parents' house on 2.4.82 and returned to Pune on 12.4.82. This was her second visit. The third and perhaps the last visit of Manju to her parents' house was on 25.5.82. from where she returned to Pune on 3.6.82, never to return again. The reason for her return to Pune was that her father-in-law insisted that she should return to Pune because the betrothal ceremony of Shobha (sister of the appellant) was going to be held on 13.6.82. The last step in this unfortu ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... The locus classicus of the decision of this Court is the one rendered in the case of Hanumant v. The State of Madhya Pradesh where Mahajan, J. clearly expounded the various concomitants of the proof of a case based purely on circumstantial evidence, and pointed out thus: The circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. This decision was followed and endorsed by this Court in the case of Dharambir Singh v. The State of Punjab. We shall however discuss Hanumant's case fully in a later part of our judgment. Coming now to the question of interpretation of sec. 32(1) of The Evidence Act, this Court in the case of Ratan Gond v. State of Bihar S.K. Das, J. made the following observations: The only relevant clause of s. 32 which may be said to have any bearing is cl.(1) which relates to statements made by a person as to the cause of his death or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death. In the case before us, the statements made by ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... chemical examiner which demonstrably proves that it was a case of homicide, completely rules out the theory of suicide as alleged by the appellant. Mr. Jethmalani, learned counsel for the appellant, has vehemently argued that there was a very strong possibility of the deceased having committed suicide due to the circumstances mentioned in her own letters. He has also questioned the legal admissibility of the statements contained in the written and oral dying declarations. He has submitted that the so-called dying declarations are admissible neither under s. 32 nor under s.8 of the Evidence Act it was submitted by the appellant that the present case is not at all covered by cl.(1) of s. 32 of the Evidence Acts. The leading decision on this question, which has been endorsed by this Court, is the case of Pakala Narayana Swami v. Emperor where Lord Atkin has laid down the following tests: It has been suggested that the statement must be made after the transaction has taken place, that the person making it must be at any rate near death, that the circumstances can only include the acts done when and where the death was caused. Their Lordships are of opinion that the natural ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... effect. The fatal assault might be made after a considerable interval of time, but if the circumstances of the torture appearing in the writings of the deceased come into existence after the initiation of the torture the same would be held to be relevant as laid down in Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act. We fully agree with the above observations made by the learned Judges. In Protima Dutta Anr. v. The State while relying on Hanumant's case (supra) the Calcutta High Court has clearly pointed out the nature and limits of the doctrine of proximity and has observed that in some cases where there is a sustained cruelty, the proximity may extend even to a period of three years. In this connection, the High Court observed thus: The 'transaction' in this case is systematic ill treatment for years since the marriage of Sumana with incitement to end her life. Circumstances of the transaction include evidence of cruelty which produces a state of mind favourable to suicide. Although that would not by itself be sufficient unless there was evidence of incitement to end her life it would be relevant as evidence. This observation taken as a whole would, in my view, imply ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... action and they must have some proximate relation to the actual occurrence. In Gokul Chandra Chatterjee v. The State the Calcutta High Court has somewhat diluted the real concept of proximity and observed thus: 'In the present case, it cannot be said that statements in the letters have no relation to the cause of death. What drove her to kill herself was undoubtedly her unhappy state of mind, but the statements in my view have not that proximate relation to the actual occurrence as to make them admissible under s. 32(1), Evidence Act. They cannot be said to be circumstances of the transaction which resulted in death. We, however, do not approve of the observations made by the High Court in view of the clear decision of this Court and that of the privy Council. With due respect, the High Court has not properly interpreted the tenor and the spirit of the ratio laid down by the Privy Council. We are, therefore, of the opinion that this case does not lay down the correct law on the subject. Before closing this chapter we might state that the Indian law on the question of the nature and scope of dying declaration has made a distinct departure from the English law where ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... phere of s.32 to avoid injustice. (2) The test of proximity cannot be too literally construed and practically reduced to a cut-and-dried formula of universal application so as to be confined in a straitjacket. Distance of time would depend or vary with the circumstances of each case. For instance, where death is a logical culmination of a continuous drama long in process and is, as it were, a finale of the story, the statement regarding each step directly connected with the end of the drama would be admissible because the entire statement would have to be read as an organic whole and not torn from the context. Sometimes statements relevant to or furnishing an immediate motive may also be admissible as being a part of the transaction of death. It is manifest that all these statements come to light only after the death of the deceased who speaks from death. For instance, where the death takes place within a very short time of the marriage or the distance of time is not spread over more than 3-4 months the statement may be admissible under s.32. (3) The second part of cl.1 of s.32 is yet another exception to the rule that in criminal law the evidence of a person who was not bein ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... sk. So I have taken up today for writing, the second letter to you. The Roman scripy runs thus:- Khat to sabhi utsukta se padte hain. Kahin kisi ke hath pad saktahai. Aisi risk leni nahin aai. Isliye maine tumhe aaj doosra khat likhneko liya. (P.17) An analysis of the above clearly shows that Manju was a highly secretive woman and wanted to keep her personal matters or secrets to herself except giving a rough idea or a passing glimpse of her feelings only to those who were very close to her as friends or near relations. The extract shows that perhaps in a spell of heavy emotions she had written a very long letter to her sister whom she regarded as her best friend but on second thought she tore it off lest it may fall in anybody's hands and she was not prepared to take such a risk. This mentality and noble nature would be of great assistance to us in assessing the probative value of the statements made by her to her parents, sister and friend during her last visit to Beed. The second paragraph, which is extracted below, reflects her state of mind and the tension and torture which she was undergoing: Now in this letter, when (Out of) the things coming to my mind whic ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... asar dikh raha hai. (P. 19-20) In the latter part of the 8th paragraph while giving vent to her feelings she states thus: Now Manju is moving, it is necessary to tell that she is alive. You don't tell anybody about this letter. I felt like telling all this to Bhausab. What, however, is the use of making him sorry. One should test one's fate, whatever may be the result. I want to tell you all. But I cannot tell. The words used by her show her affectionate and secretive nature and the precaution taken by her not to tell any thing to her father, who is addressed as 'Bhausab'. The Roman script of the relevant portion runs thus: Dil tu karta tha Bai Bhau Sahab ko sab bataon, magar unko dukh dekar kya phaida. Apne apne naseeb dekhenge, natija kya nikalta hai. Mujhe tumbein sab kuch batana hai magar bata nahin sakti. (P.22) These extracts throw a flood of light on the nature, character, mental attitude, suffering and shock of the deceased. One thing which may be conspicuously noticed is that she was prepared to take all the blame on her rather than incriminate her husband or her inlaws. The other portions of the letter (Ex.30) are not at all germane for ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... portion of the 3rd paragraph is also more or less innocuous but in between the lines it contains a tale of woe, a spirit of desperation and frustration and a wave of pessimism. the actual vernacular words are- Mera to aane ka kya hota hai dekna hai Buajike yahan se khat aur aaya to shahid chance mil sakta hai. Magar meri mangal ke dulhan ke roop mein dekhne ki bahut ichha hai. Dekhenge. She was naturally apprehending some thing and was not very hopeful of going to her father's place. This being her last letter, and that too a short one, it gives a clear inkling of the manner of how her mind was working. She did not lay any blame on her husband or anybody else but still she was afraid that something was going to happen and that she may not be able to go to her father and see the marriage of her sister-in-law for which preparations were being made. In our opinion, these words are extremely prophetic and seem to indicate that by that time she had almost made up her mind to end her life instead of carrying on her miserable existence. As brevity is the soul of wit, she directly hinted that she may not be able to meet her father or any body naturally because when a life co ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... et food in my parent's house ? He was irritated due to word 'hate'. He said. if you talk more like this, I will be very bad man. If this goes on, I will not come to sleep. That means not permitted (to cry) also. How he says to me, are you tired of me so early ? What shall I say to such a man. Once I feel that he does not count me. On second thought, I feel he cares me much. But due to moody nature, it will take time to pacify the same. On the day on which self-pride is lessened, no other person will be more fortunate than me But till that day it is not certain that I will be alive. (P. 197) In the second paragraph she starts by giving an indication that she was feeling uneasy and would have very much liked to have Vahini with her. In the third paragraph she clearly states that all persons in her father-in-laws' place were very good and loving but due to a number of persons in the house she did not get a chance to work independently. The last line every time some fear is in mind which leads to confusion is the starting point of the first symptom of her invisible fear which she was unable to locate. The fourth paragraph is rather important which shows that wh ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ything to show that things had come to such a pass that a catastrophe may have resulted. There may be certain concealed and hidden hints which she was not prepared to reveal in writing : what they were is not clear. (5) A close reading and analysis of the letter clearly shows at least two things- (a) that she felt extremely depressed, (b) that there was a clear tendency resulting from her psychotic nature to end her life or commit suicide. This possibility is spelt out from the various letters which we have extracted. Indeed, if this was not so how could it be possible that while not complaining against her husband she gives a hint not only to Vahini but also to Anju that she might not live. She mentions of no such threat having been given to her by husband at any time or anywhere. (6) The contents of the letter lead us to the irresistible conclusion that Manju felt herself lonely and desolate and was treated as nothing but a chattel or a necessary evil ever since she entered her marital home. Thus, from the recitals in the letters we can safely hold that there was a clear possibility and a tendency on her part to commit suicide due to desperation and frustration. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ever, for some people a critical moment arrives when the discrepancy is experienced as too glaring and painful to be tolerated. If something has to go it may be the person himself, not the perhaps excessively high standards by which the judgment has been made-Warren Breed and his colleagues found that a sense of failure is prominent among many people who take their own lives. (P.252) The above observations are fully applicable to the case of Manju. She solemnly believed that her holy union with her husband would bring health and happiness to her but unfortunately it seems to have ended in a melancholy marriage which in view of the circumstances detailed above, left her so lonely and created so much of emotional disorder resulting from frustration and pessimism that she was forced to end her life. There can be no doubt that Manju was not only a sensitive and sentimental woman but was extremely impressionate and the letters show that a constant conflict between her mind and body was going on and unfortunately the circumstances which came into existence hastened her end. People with such a psychotic philosophy or bent of mind always dream of an ideal and if the said ideal fails ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... tardly murder. We shall now deal with the next limb of the oral dying declaration said to have been made by the deceased to her parents and friends. Some of the statements which have a causal connection with the death of Manju or the circumstances leading to her death are undoubtedly admissible under s.32 of the Evidence Act as held by us but other statements which do not bear any proximity with the death or if at all very remotely and indirectly connected with the death would not be admissible. Unfortunately, however, the two kinds of statements are so inextricably mixed up that it would take a great effort in locating the part which is admissible and the one which is not. Before discussing the evidence of the witnesses we might mention a few preliminary remarks against the background of which the oral statements are to be considered. All persons to whom the oral statements are said to have been made by Manju when she visited Beed for the last time, are close relatives and friends of the deceased. In view of the close relationship and affection any person in the position of the witness would naturally have a tendency to exaggerate or add facts which may not have been stated ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... appy with her husband since she noticed that her husband was not very much pleased with her and in fact hated her. These facts are the result of the usual domestic quarrels between a husband and a wife, hence this statement cannot be said to be so directly or proximately related to the death of Manju so as to be admissible under s.32 of the Evidence Act. It appears from his evidence that even after hearing the narration from his daughter he advised her to get herself adjusted to the situation and to the atmosphere of her new marital home. Apart from being inadmissible this does not appear to be of any assistance to the prosecution in proving the case of murder alleged against the appellant. The witness goes on to state that as the grandfather of the accused had died he visited Pune, accompanied by his wife and Manju. Since this was more or less a formal visit for expressing his condolences to the bereaved family, he left Manju at the house of the accused. The only part of his evidence on which reliance was placed by the prosecution is that he had noticed Manju very much disturbed and uneasy and requested Birdichand (father of the accused) to allow him to take Manju to the house ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... this creates a serious obstruction in the relations of the married couple. Nothing therefore, turns upon this statement of PW 2. Again, the witness repeats that when Manju came down to see him off he noticed her weeping all the time. To cut a long story short, the witness came back to Beed and sent his son Pradeep to bring Manju from Pune to Beed. On reaching there he was informed that Manju and Sharad had gone on a holiday trip to Mysore, Triupati, etc. After the return of Pradeep to Beed, Dhanraj informed the witness that Sharad and Manju had returned to Pune and therefore, he sent his son, Deepak to Pune to bring back Manju. When Manju arrived at Beed, the witness found her totally disturbed and frightened. This statement would be admissible as primary evidence. What probative value should be attached to this small matter is a different issue. Thereafter, the witness was told the incidents by his wife (PW 20) which had been narrated to her by Manju but that is of no value so far as this witness is concerned as the main evidence would be that of PW 20. However, in order to save the marriage from a a total break-down the witness was extremely worried and therefore, he called ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... would Manju be sitting near the staircase to listen their talks and call her father and give vent to her feelings and her decision not to go back to Pune at any cost. This conduct appears to be directly opposed not only to the tenor and spirit of the letters (Exhs. 30, 32 and 33) which we have discussed but also against her mental attitude and noble nature. (2) As indicated by us while discussing the letters- could a woman who was so affectionate and reserved in nature and who would not like the contents of her letters to Anju and Vahini to be disclosed to her parents lest they feel worried, disturbed and distressed-suddenly turn turtle, forgetting her sentiments not to worry them and come out in the open to declare before all by weeping and crying that she was in a state of extreme fear, seem to us to be inherently improbable. Once a mature woman develops a particular nature or habit or a special bent of mind she is not likely to forgo her entire nature-in this case, her affection and love for her parents and the feeling of not doing anything which may cause distress or worry to them, and start telling her woeful story to everyone whom she met. Manju must have known fully t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... d so he went near Manju and called her out when he found her dead. It is rather strange that while the witness took whatever his daughter told him at its face value without making any further enquiry, he immediately jumped to the conclusion that the grief and tears in the eyes of his son- in-law were fake and that he was merely shedding crocodile tears. There is nothing on the record nor in the evidence to show any circumstance which may have led the witness to arrive at this conclusion. On the other hand, if the conduct of the appellant, as described by the witness, is seen from a dispassionate angle, it was quite spontaneous and natural because by the time the witness reached Pune the postmortem had been done and the death of Manju had come to light long before his arrival. There was no reason for the witness to have presumed at that time that Sharad must have committed the murder of the deceased. There were no materials or data before him which could have led him to this inference. This clearly shows one important fact, viz., that the witness was extremely prejudiced against Sharad and if one sees anything-even the truth-with a pale glass everything would appear to him to be ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... idence in the case and, therefore, there cannot be any doubt about the relevancy of the statement of the witnesses in regard to this aspect of the matter. As to what probative value we should attach to such statements would depend on a proper application of the context and evidence of each of the witnesses, As regards the second aspect-which is in respect of what the deceased told the witnesses-it would only be admissible under s. 32 of the Evidence Act as relating to the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased. In view of the law discussed above and the propositions and the conclusions we have reached, there cannot be any doubt that these statements would fall in the second part of s.32 of the Evidence Act relating directly to the transaction resulting in the death of Manju, and would be admissible. Before, however, examining this aspect of the question we might at the outset state that the character, conduct and the temperament of Manju, as disclosed or evinced by the admitted letters (Exhs. 30,32 and 33), which demonstrate that it is most unlikely, if not impossible, for Manju to have related in detail the facts which the aforesaid witnesses deposed. If this ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... was not only bored but was extremely afraid and scared. On the next day she (PW 20) met the mother of the appellant and told her plainly that she found Manju extremely perturbed, uneasy and scared and that she was experiencing tremendous pressure and restrictions from her husband. But the mother of the appellant convinced her that there was nothing to worry about, and everything will be alright. The witness then narrated the fact to her husband and requested him to take Manju with them to Beed. PW 2 then sought the permission of Birdichand to take Manju to. Beed but he told him that as some guests were to visit him, he (PW 2) can send somebody after 4-5 days to take Manju to Beed. It may be mentioned here that the details about the sufferings and the mental condition of Manju was not mentioned by this witness even to her husband (PW 2) as he does not say anything about this matter. Further, her statement is frightfully vague. As already indicated that the letters (Ex. 30, 32, 33) clearly show that Manju never wanted to worry or bother her parents about her disturbed condition, it appears to be most unlikely that on the occasion of the death of her grandfather-in-law she would ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e notes written by the appellant. All this story of a suicidal pact seems to us nothing but a fairy tale. There is no mention nor even a hint in the letters (Exhs. 30, 32, 33) written by Manju about the aforesaid suicidal pact and the story narrated by the witness before the trial court, nor was the note produced in the court. This appears to us to be a make-believe story and was introduced to castigate the appellant for his shabby treatment towards Manju. Another intrinsic circumstance to show the untruth of this statement is that although PW 2 was apprised of these facts yet he never mentioned them to Birdichand particularly when he was insisting that Manju should be sent back to Pune for attending the betrothal ceremony of his daughter Shobha. Indeed, if this fact, which is of very great importance so far as the lives of both the husband and the wife are concerned, would have been there, the first thing which PW 2 would have done is to tell Birdihand that matters had reached such a stage as to leave no doubt that her daughter was in an instant fear of death and it was impossible for him to allow his daughter to go to Pune where Sharad was bent on forcing her to commit suic ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... lant and arranging a trip to Ooty, Mysore and other place nor would have Manju agreed to go to these places. The witness further stated that as soon as Manju came to know that Birdichand had come to take her away she was shocked and continuously kept saying that she was extremely afraid of going to her husband's house and that she should not be sent back. The behavioral attitude of Manju depicted by the witness seems to us to be absolutely contradictory to and not at all in consonance with her temperament, frame of mind, psychological approach to things and innate habits. That is why no reference had been made even directly or indirectly in any of the letters written by Manju, and she had expressly requested both Anju and Vahini not to disclose anything to her parents lest they may get worried and. distressed on her account. In other words, Manju was a woman who despite her troubles and tribulations, sufferings and travails, anxiety and anguish would never have thought of narrating her woeful story to her parents and thereby give an unexpected shock to them. This feeling is mentioned in the clearest possible terms in the letters (Exhs. 30, 32, 33) which we have already discu ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ressed in her letters but she did not disclose anything of such great consequence which would have shocked the parents and led them to resist her going to Pune at any cost. This makes the version given by PWs 2 and 20 unworthy of credence. We now proceed to take up the evidence of PW-6, Anju, the sister of Manju. The statement of this witness is more or less a carbon copy of the evidence of PW-20 which has been discussed above and, therefore, it is not necessary to consider her evidence in all its details. So far as the first visit is concerned, she fully supports her mother that Manju was very happy as was expected of a newly married girl. When Manju came to Beed around 2nd April 1982 she stayed there for 8-10 days and during that period the witness noticed that she was somewhat dissatisfied and complained that her husband used to return late at night. She also complained against the callous attitude of the other members of her husband's family. She also introduced the story of Ujvala Kothari and corroborated what PW 20 had said which we have discussed above. She also refers to the said suicidal pact and then to the fact that Birdichand had come to take away Manju to Pune s ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ness stayed at Pune for some time. She states that she had a talk with Manju for about half-an-hour when she narrated the story of the suicidal pact. She also stated that she was extremely afraid of the situation and almost broke down in tears and wept. The most important fact which may be noted in her evidence is a clear pointer to the frame of mind and the psychotic nature of Manju. At page 212 of Part I of the Paperbook while narrating the relationship of her husband with Ujvala she says that the appellant lost his temper and thereupon she spoke the following words to him : I am not going to spare this, I will not allow this, his bad relations even though a blot may come to our family and I have decided likewise. These significant and pregnant words clearly show that Manju was so much bored and disgusted with her life that she entertained a spirit of revenge and told the witness that she was not going to tolerate this even though a blot may come to the family and that she had decided likewise. This statement undoubtedly contains a clear hint that she had almost made up her mind to end her life, come what may and thereby put to trouble her husband and his family members ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... s. She was not at all connected with the family of PW 2 but is alleged to be a friend of Manju and she says that she found Manju completely disheartened and morose and she started weeping and crying while narrating her said story. The witness goes on to state that Manju was so much terrified of the appellant that she was afraid of her life at his hands. No. witness has gone to the extent of saying that there was any immediate danger to Manju's life nor did Manju say so to PWs 2, 6 and 20. This witness appears to us to be more loyal than the king. Even assuming that Manju was a friend of PW 6 but she never wrote to her any letter indicating anything of the sort. For these reasons we are not satisfied that this witness is worthy of credence. A close and careful scrutiny of the evidence of the aforesaid witnesses clearly and conspicuously reveals a story which is quite, different from the one spelt out from the letters (Exhs. 30, 32 and 33). In fact, the letters have a different tale to tell particularly in respect of the following matters:- (1) There is absolutely no reference to suicidal pact or the circumstances leading to the same, (2) there is no reference even to Uj ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... wn and Tirril Harris in their book Social Origins of Depression thus:- 1. Symptom data Depressed mood- 1. Crying 2. feeling miserable/looking miserable, unable to smile or laugh 3. feelings of hopelessness about the future 4. suicidal thoughts 5. suicidal attempts Fears/anxiety/worry 15. psychosomatic accompaniments 16. tenseness/anxiety 17. specific worry 18. panic attacks 19. phobias Thinking 20. feelings of self-depreciation/nihilistic delusions 21. delusions or ideas of reference 22. delusions of persecution/jealousy 23. delusions of grandeur 24. delusions of control/influence 25. other delusions e. g. hypochondriacal worry 26. auditory hallucinations 27. visual hallucinations. Most of these symptoms appear to have been proved as existing in Manju both from her letters (Exhs. 30, 32 and 33) and from the evidence discussed. We might hasten to observe here that in cases of women of a sensitive and sentimental nature it has usually been observed that if they are tired of their life due to the action of their kith and kin, they become so desperate that they develop a spirit of revenge and try to destroy those who ha ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 30, 32 and 33) and the evidence of PWs 2, 3, 4, 6 and 20 clearly reveal that the signs and symptoms resulting from the dirty atmosphere and the hostile surroundings in which Manju was placed is a pointer to the fact that there was a reasonable possibility of her having committed suicide and the prosecution has not been able to exclude or eliminate this possibility beyond reasonable doubt. We must hasten to add that we do not suggest that this was not a case of murder at all but would only go to the extent of holding that at least the possibility of suicide as alleged by the defence may be there and cannot be said to be illusory. 8) That a good part of the evidence discussed above, is undoubtedly admissible as held by us but its probative value seems to be precious little in view of the several improbabilities pointed out by us while discussing the evidence. We might mention here that we had to reappreciate the evidence of the witnesses and the circumstances taking into account the psychological aspect of suicide as found in the psychotic nature and character of Manju because these are important facts which the High Court completely overlocked. It seems to us that the High ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... t one should always give some room for a difference of a few minutes in the time that a layman-like PW 7 would say. We cannot assume that when the witness stated that he had dropped Manju and others at 11.00 p.m., it was exactly 11.00 p.m.--it would have been 10-15 minutes this way or that way. His evidence is only material to show the approximate time when Manju returned to the apartments. The next witness on this point is PW-28, K.N. Kadu. This witness corroborates PW-7 and stated he had heard the sound of a rickshaw near the apartments when the wife of A- 2, Manju and 3 children entered the apartments and went to their rooms. He further says that after about 15 minutes he saw the appellant coming on a scooter and while he was parking his scooter the witness asked him why did he come so late to which he replied that he was busy in some meeting. This would show that the appellant must have arrived at the apartments near about 11.30 or 11.45 p.m. It is very difficult to fix the exact time because the witness himself says that he had given the timings approximately. The High Court was, therefore, not justified in fixing the time of arrival of Manju and party or the appellant with ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ed and, in all probability, it does not at all prove that A-1 had murdered the deceased. On the other hand, the circumstances proved by the three witness are not inconsistent with the defence plea that soon after entering the room Manju may have committed suicide. Part II of this circumstance relates to the coming of Dr. Lodha and then Dr. Gandhi on the scene of occurrence and we accept their evidence in toto. Dr. Lodha was a family doctor of the appellant's family and it was quite natural to send for him when the appellant suspected that his wife was dead. Although Dr. Lodha (PW 24) was a family doctor of the appellant's family yet he did not try to support the defence case and was frank enough to tell the accused and those who were present there that it was not possible for him to ascertain the cause of death which could only be done by a postmortem. In other words, he indirectly suggested that Manju's death was an unnatural one, and in order to get a second opinion he advised that Dr. Gandhi (PW 25) may also be summoned. Accordingly, Dr. Gandhi was called and he endorsed the opinion of Dr. Lodha. Such a conduct on the part of the appellant or the persons belonging ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ied the same but they have been proved by the Investigation Officer, PW 40 whose evidence appears at p. 521 of Part II of the printed paperbook. These belated statements made in the Court may be summarised thus: While in his statement before the court the witness at p. 386 (para 19) states that the death of Manju was suspicious yet he made no such statement before the police on being confronted by the statement of PW 40. Another important point on which his statement does not appear to be true is that the dominent fact mentioned to him by Birdichahd and others was that the doctors were not prepared to issue death certificate but he did not say so before the police. Similarly, he deposed in the court about the statement made to him by Birdichand that he would lose his prestige and therefore the body should be cremated before 7.00 a.m, but he advised him not to do so unless he has informed the police otherwise his whole family would be in trouble. Almost the entire part of his evidence in para 5 at p. 381 appears to be an afterthought, as PW 40 stated thus: I recorded the statement of PW 30 Mohan Asava. He did not state before me that death of Manju was suspicious. He did not ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ne ghatika is equal to 24 minutes). This would take us to near about 3.00 a.m. Either there is some confusion in the translation of the word 'Pahate' or in the words '5.30 a.m.', as mentioned in the original Ex. 120. However, nothing much turns on this except that according to the witness Manju must have died around 3.00 a.m. which is consistent with the evidence of Dr. Lodha that when he examined Manju at about 2.30 a.m. he found her dead and rigor mortis had already started setting in. We are not concerned here with the controversy whether the report was admissible under s. 154 or s. 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure but the fact remains that the policd did receive the information that the death took place at 5.30 a.m. The High Court seems to have made a capital out of this small incident and has not made a realistic approach to the problem faced by Birdichand and his family. Being a respectable man of the town, Birdichand did not want to act in a hurry lest his reputation may suffer and naturally required some time to reflect and consult his friends before taking any action. The allegation that A-3 told him to report the time of death as 5.30 a.m. is not a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... refore, falsifies the evidence of PWs 2 and 4 on this point and shows the extent to which the witnesses could go to implicate the appellant. Finally, in view of the disturbed nature of the state of mind of Birdichand and the catastrophe faced by him and his family, it is difficult to believe that the grief expressed and the tears shed by the appellant when PW 2 met him could be characterised as fake. If it is assumed that the accused did not commit the murder of the deceased then the weeping and wailing and expressing his grief to PW 2 would be quite natural and not fake. There are other minor details which have been considered by the High Court but they do not appear to us to be very material. Taking an overall picture on this part of the prosecution case the position seems to be as follows: (1) if the accused wanted to give poison while Manju was wide awake, she would have put up stiffest possible resistance as any other person in her position would have done. Dr. Banerjee in his postmortem report has not found any mark of violence or resistance. Even if she was overpowered by the appellant she would have shouted and cried and attracted persons from the neighbouring f ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 7 findings mentioned above can be available even in the case of cyanide poisoning we think that it would not be safe to rely upon these circumstances for recording an affirmative finding that there was mechanical suffocation. (P.150-151) It is not necessary for us to repeat the circumstances relied upon by the High Court because the finding of fact speaks for itself. This being the position, the possibility of mechanical suffocation is completely excluded. (4) The other possibility that may be thought of is that Manju died a natural death. This also is eliminated in view of the report of the Chemical Examiner as confirmed by the postmortem that the deceased had died as a result of administration of potassium cyanide. (5) The only other reasonable possibility that remains is that as the deceased was fed up with the maltreatment by her husband, in a combined spirit of revenge and hostility after entering the flat she herself took potassium cyanide and lay limp and lifeless. When the appellant entered the room he must have thought that as she was sleeping she need not be disturbed but when he found that there was no movement in the body after an hour so, his suspicion was ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... y PW 33 on 12.6.82 at 4.30 p.m. The relevant portion of the words written by the Doctor are `time since dealt' which were repeated as he states in his statement. After these words some other words have been admittedly scored out and his (PW 33) explanation was that since he had written `time since death' twice, the second line being a repetition was scored out. A bare look at Ex. 128 does not show that the explanation given by the Doctor is correct. We have ourselves examined the said words with the help of a magnifying glass and find that the scored words could not have been `time since death'. The only word common between the line scored out and the line left intact is `death'. To us, the scored out words seem to be `can be a case of suicidal death'. Dr Banerjee however stuck to his original stand which is not supported by his own writing in the document itself. It seems' to us that at the first flush when he wrote the postmortem notes it appeared to him that no abnormality was detected and that it appears to be a case of suicide rather than that of homicide. This, therefore, if the strongest possible circumstance to make the defence highly probable, if no ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... py which was retained by the Doctor, the entries must have been made after the copy was sent to the Chemical Examiner. However, this circumstance is not of much consequence because the opinion of the Doctor that Manju died by forcible administration of potassium cyanide or by the process of mechanical suffocation has not been proved. This aspect need not detain us any further because the High Court has not accepted the case of mechanical suffocation. So far as the other findings of Dr. Banerjee are concerned we fully agree with the same. A number of comments were made on behalf of the appellant about Dr. Banerjee's integrity and incorrect reports but subject to what we said, we do not find any substance in those contentions. In para 90 of its judgment the High Court has given a number of circumstances which according to it, go to prove the prosecution case showing that the appellant had administered the poison during the night of 11th June, 1982. These circumstances may be extracted thus: (1) In the bed-room Manju died of poisoning between 11.30 p.m. and 1. a.m. in the night between 11/12th June, 1982. (2) Accused No. 1 was present in that bed room since before t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... committing suicide. (16) Denial of the part of accused No. 1 of admitted or proved facts. (17) Raising a false plea of absence from the bedroom at the relevant time. (PP. 152-155) We have already discussed most of the circumstances extracted above and given our opinion, and have also fully explained the effect of circumstances Nos. 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. We might again even at the risk of repetition say that too much reliance seems to have been placed by the High Court on circumstance No. 4 as the appellant did not immediately call for Dr. Shrikant Kelkar (PW 26) and Dr. (Mrs.) Anjali Kelkar (PW 27). In a matter of this magnitude it would be quite natural for the members of the appellant's family to send for their own family doctor who was fully conversant with the ailment of every member of the family. In these circumstances there was nothing wrong if the appellant and his brother went to a distance of 11/2 Km. to get Dr. Lodha. Secondly, Dr. Shrikant Kelkar was skin specialist whereas Dr. (Mrs) Anjali Kelkar was a Paediatrician and the appellant may have genuinely believed that as they belonged to different branches, they were not all suitable to deal with such a serious cas ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the printed paperbook thus: The plastic factory at Beed is a partnership concern in which two sons of Dhanraj, my wife and sister-in-law, i.e., brother's wife are partners. Dr. Modi's Medical Jurisprudence and Texicology (19th Edn.) at page 747 shows that `Cyanide is also used for making basic chemicals for plastics'. Apart from the fact that the High Court in relying on this circumstance has committed a clear error of record, it is an additional factor to show that cyanide could have been available to Manju when she visited Beed for the last time and had stayed there for more than a week. Circumstance No.15-the fact that Manju was 4 to 6 weeks pregnant would dissuade Manju from committing suicide is also purely speculative. A pregnancy of 4 to 6 weeks is not very serious and can easily be washed out. Moreover, when a person has decided to end one's life these are matters which do not count at all. On the other hand, this circumstance may have prompted her to commit suicide for a child was born to her, in view of her ill-treatment by her husband and her in-laws, the child may not get proper upbringing. Any way, we do not want to land ourselves in the fiel ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ch were not put to the appellant in his examination under s.313 of the Criminal Procedure Code have to be completely excluded from consideration. We might mention here an important argument advance by counsel for the appellant and countered by the Additional Solicitor General. It was argued before the High Court that it was highly improbable that if the betrothal ceremony of appellant's sister, which was as important as the marriage itself, was going to be performed on the 13th of June, would the appellant clouse a day before that for murdering his wife and thereby bring disgrace and destruction not only to his family but also to her sister. We have already adverted to this aspect of the matter but it is rather interesting to note how the High Court has tried to rebut this inherent improbability, on the ground that in a case of administration of poison the culprit would just wait for an opportunity to administer the same and once he gets the opportunity he is not expected to think rationally but would commit the murder at once. With due respect to the Judges of the High Court, we are not able to agree with the somewhat complex line of reasoning which is not supported by the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the bridegroom. (P.176) As Birdichand and others were made co-accused in the case they were unable to give evidence on this point but it is the admitted case of both the parties that the accused belonged to the same community as PW 2. In these circumstances, it is difficult to accept the argument that the appellant would commit the murder of his wife just on the eve of Kohl ceremony, which he could have done the same long before that ceremony or after the marriage as there was no hurry nor any such impediment which would deny him any opportunity of murdering his wife. We now come to the nature and character of the circumstantial evidence. The law on the subject is well settled for the last 6-7 decades and there have been so many decisions on this point that the principles laid down by courts have become more or less axiomatic. The High Court has referred to some decisions of this Court and tried to apply the ratio of those cases to the present case which, as we shall show, are clearly distinguishable. The High Court was greatly impressed by the view taken by some courts, including this Court, that a false defence or a false plea taken by an accused would be an additional lin ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. A close analysis of this decision would show that the following conditions must be fulfilled before a case against an accused can be said to be fully established: (1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. It may be noted here that this Court indicated that the circumstances concerned 'must or should' and not 'may be' established. There is not only a grammatical but a legal distinction between 'may be proved' and 'must be or should be proved' as was held by this Court in Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade Anr. v. State of Maharashtra(') where the following observations were made: Certainly, it is a primary principle that the accused must be and not merely may be guilty before a court can convict and the mental distance between 'may be' and 'must be' is long and divides vague conjectures from sure conclusions. (2) The facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say. they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the acc ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... arasilal Dixit v. State of Maharashtra(3) and M.C. Agarwal v. State of Maharashtra(4)-a five-Judge Bench decision. It may be necessary here to notice a very forceful argument submitted by the Additional Solicitor-General relying on a decision of this Court in Deonandan Mishra v. The State of Bihar(5), to supplement this argument that if the defence case is false it would constitute an additional link so as to fortify the prosecution case. With due respect to the learned Additional Solicitor General we are unable to agree with the interpretation given by him of the aforesaid case, the relevant portion of which may be extracted thus: But in a case like this where the various links as started above have been satisfactorily made out and the circumstances point to the appellant as the probable assailant, with reasonable definiteness and in proximity to the deceased as regards time and situation-such absence of explanation of false explanation would itself be an additional link which completes the chain. It will be seen that this Court while taking into account the absence of explanation or a false explanation did hold that it will amount to be an additional link to complete t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e lies more in their application to a given set of facts than in their recital in the judgment . We then pass on to another important point which seems to have been completely missed by the High Court. It is well settled that where on the evidence two possibilities are available or open, one which goes in favour of the prosecution and the other which benefits an accused, the accused is undoubtedly entitled to the benefit of doubt. In Kali Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh,(l) this Court made the following observations: Another golden thread which runs through the web of the administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence, the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted This principle has a special relevance in cases where in the guilt of the accused is sought to be established by circumstantial evidence. We now come to the mode and manner of proof of cases of murder by administration of poison. In Ramgopal's case (supra) this Court held thus: Three questions arise in such cases, namely (firstly), did the deceased d ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... dicate the nature of the circumstantial or indirect evidence to show that the appellant was in possession of poison. If the court seems to suggest that merely because the appellant had the opportunity to administer poison and the same was found in the body of the deceased, it should be presumed that the appellant was in possession of poison, than it has committed a serious and gross error of law and has blatantly violated the principles laid down by this Court. The High Court has not indicated as to what was the basis for coming to a finding that the accused could have procured the cyanide. On the other hand, in view of the decision in Ramgopal's case (supra) failure to prove possession of the cyanide poison with the accused by itself would result in failure of the prosecution to prove its case. We are constrained to observe that the High Court has completely misread and misconstrued the decision in Ramgopal's case. Even prior to Ramgopol's case there are two decisions of this Court which have taken the same view. In Chandrakant Nyalchand Seth's case (Criminal Appeal No. 120 of 1957 decided on 19.2.58) this Court observed thus: Before a person can be convicted o ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ion that the facts of the present appeal are covered by the ratio of the aforesaid decisions. At any rate, taking the worst view of the matter on the evidence in this case two possibilities are clearly open- (1) that it may be a case of suicide, or (2) that it may be a case of murder and both are equally probable, hence the prosecution case stands disproved. We now proceed to deal with some of the judgments of this Court on which great reliance has been placed by the High Court. In the first place, the High Court relied on the case of Pershadi v. State of Uttar Pradesh. This case appears to be clearly distinguishable because no point of law was involved therein and on the facts proved and the very extraordinary conduct of the accused, the court held that the circumstantial evidence was consistent only with the guilt of the accused and inconsistent with any other rational explanation. Indeed, if this would have been our finding in this particular case, there could be no question that the conviction of the accused would have been upheld. The next on which the High Court placed great reliance is case Lagu's case (supra). This case also does not appear to be of any assista ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... le, the relevant portion of which may be extracted thus: On a consideration of the evidence and the circumstances referred to above, we are satisfied that this is a case in which the circumstantial evidence did not prove the case against the accused conclusively and unerringly, and at any rate two reasonable views were possible. We have already found in the instant case that taking the prosecution at the highest the utmost that can be said is that two views-one in favour of the accused and the other against him-were possible. Ram Dass's case also therefore supports the appellant rather than the prosecution. The last case relied upon by the High Court is Shankarlal's case (supra) but we are unable to see how this case helps the prosecution. The observations on which the High Court has relied upon appears to have been torn from the context. On the other hand, this decision fully supports the case of the appellant that falsity of defence cannot take the place of proof of facts which the prosecution has to establish in order to succeed. This decision has already been dealt with by us while considering the merits of the present case and it is not necessary to repeat t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... es it could be reinforced by additional link in the nature of false defence in order to supply the lacuna and has thus committed a fundamental error of law. (7) That the High Court has not only misappreciated the evidence but has completely overlooked the well established principles of law and in view of our finding it is absolutely clear that the High Court has merely tried to accept the prosecution case based on tenterhooks and slender tits and bits. (8) We entirely agree with the High Court that it is wholly unsafe to rely on that part of the evidence of Dr. Banerjee (PW 33) which shows that poison was forcibly administered by the process of mechanical suffocation. (9) We also agree with the High Court that there is no manifest defect in the investigation made by the police which appears to be honest and careful. A proof positive of this fact is that even though Rameshwar Birdichand and other members of his family who had practically no role to play had been arrayed as accused but they had to be acquitted by the High Court for lack of legal evidence. (10) That in view of our finding that two views are clearly possible in the present case, the question of defence bein ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... denied, is that some people in view of their occupation or profession fined very little time to devote to their family. Speaking in a light vein, lawyers, professors, Doctors and perhaps Judges fall within this category and to them Manju's case should be an eye- opener. For the reasons given above we hold that the prosecution has failed to prove its case against appellant beyond reasonable doubt. We, therefore, allow the appeal, set aside the judgments of the courts below and acquit the appellant, Sharad Bridichand Sarda, of the charges framed against him and direct him to be released and set at liberty forthwith. VARADARAJAN, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment of a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 265 of 1983 and Confirmation Case No. 3 of 1983, dismissing the appeal and confirming the sentence of death awarded to the first accused Sharad Birdhichand Sarda (hereinafter referred to as the 'appellant') by the Additional Sessions Judge, Pune in Sessions Case No. 203 of 1982. The appellant, Rameshwar Birdhichand Sarda and Ramvilas Rambagas Sarda were accused 1, 2 and 3 respectively in the Sessions Case. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... s inability to stay in P.W.2's house for some more days. This was Manju's first visit to her parents' house after her marriage with the appellant. She is said to have been very happy during that visit. Thereafter Manju came to her parents' house alongwith her maternal uncle Dhanraj Rathi (P.W.22) on or about 2.4.1982. It is the case of the prosecution that during that visit Manju was uneasy and had generally complained against the appellant to P.Ws.3 and 6. P.W.2 planned to keep Manju in his house for about three weeks on that occasion. But news of the death of the appellant's grand father was received in P.W.2's house in Beed and, therefore, P.Ws. 2 and 20 and Manju went to Pune for condolences on 11.4.1982. After meeting the appellant's father and others at Pune, P.Ws. 2 and 20 returned to Beed leaving Manju in the appellant's house in Pune. That was the second visit of Manju to her parents' house after marriage with the appellant. P.Ws.2 and 20 came to Pune again on or about 13.5.1982. After staying for some time as usual in the house of P.W. 22, P.Ws. 2 and 20 visited the house of Birdhichand on that occasion. It is the case of the prosecutio ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... wife Anuradha (P.W.35) and their children used to sleep in the other bed-room. Manju had written amongst others, three letters, Ex.33 dated 25.4.1982 to her friend vahini (P.W.3) and Ex. p. 30 dated 8.2.1982 and p. 32 dated 8.6.1982 to her younger sister Anju (P.W.6). In Ex. 33 Manju has stated inter alia that she was feeling lonely though all persons in pune were very good and everybody was loving and that one reason is that there are many elderly persons in the house and, therefore, she does not dare to do any work independently and the fear which is in her mind every time leads to confusion. She has also stated in that letter though all person in Pune were very good that she becomes angry if he (appellant) does not speak to her when she goes and talks to him even ten times and that till now this man (appellant) had no time to mind his wife. She has stated in that letter that she dare not ask him (appellant) whether his clothes be taken for washing and that at present her status is only that of an unpaid maid-servant. She has finally stated in that letter that on the day on which self-pride in the appellant is reduced no other person will be more fortunate than her but it is n ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... heela Apartments. P.W. 24 reached the appellant's flat at about 2.30 a.m. and found Manju dead, with rigor motis having already set in and no external mark showing the cause of death. He, however, opined that it may be a case of unnatural death and suggested that the police may be informed. When Birdhichand who had arrived at the flat by then advised that some other doctor may be called as he was not satisfied with the opinion of P.W- 24 suggested that Dr. Anil Gandhi, P.W 25 may be called if so desired. Thereafter, P.W. 24 and the third concerned who had come with Birdhichand went to call P.W. 25 who lives about 7 kilo metres away from the Takshasheela Apartments. On their way they contacted P.W. 25 over the phone and took him to the appellant's flat where he examined Manju at about 4 a.m. and pronounced that she was dead. He opined that she might have died three or four hours earlier and stated that there was no external evidence showing the cause of death. He too suggested that the police should be informed to avoid any trouble. The third accused went to Mohan Asava, (P.W. 30) at about 4.30 a.m. on 12.6.1982 and called him to the appellant's flat after informing h ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... urder of Manju. The appellant and the other two accused denied the charges framed against them. The appellant denied that he had anything to do with Ujvala (P.W. 37) with whom is alleged to have been in love at the relevant time. He admitted that Manju and P.W. 35 accompanied by some children went to their flat in the Takshasheela Apartments at about 10.30 p.m. on 11.6.1982 but denied that they travelled by any auto-rickshaw and stated that they went there by their family's car driven by the second accused. He denied that he went to the flat about 15 minutes later and stated that he returned to the fiat only at 1.30 or 1.45 a.m. on 12.6 1982 after attending a meeting in the Rajasthan Youth Club. He stated that after changing his clothes he looked at Manju and found something abnormal and became suspicious and then went to the second accused and that there after he went to call his father and uncle while the second accused went to call Dr. Lodha, P.W. 24. The Trial Court found all the three accused guilty as charged and convicted them accordingly and sentenced the appellant to death under s.302 IPC and all the three accused to rigorous imprisonment for two years and a fine ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... dy of Manju. In these circumstances, unless the prosecution excludes the possibility of Manju having committed suicide by consuming potassium cyanide poison, as rightly pointed out by my learned brother Fazal Ali, J., (no adverse inference of guilt can be drawn against the appellant from the fact that he was last seen with Manju, he being no other than her own husband who is naturally expected to be with her during nights.) Some of these 17 circumstances cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be held to point to the quilt of the appellant. Circumstance No. 6 is an attempt of the appellant's father Birdhichand to get the body of Manju cremated before 7 a.m. On 12.6.1982 by expressing such a desire to P.W.30. Circumstance No.9 is arrangement of the dead body of Manju to make it appear that she died a peaceful and natural death. Circumstance No. 11 is absence of an anklet of Manju from her leg. Circumstance No. 12 is the conduct of the appellant in allegedly concealing the anklet in the fold of the chaddar. Circumstance No. 15 is the fact that according to the medical evidence Manju was pregnant by four to six weeks and it would normally dissuade her from committing suicide. With ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ave the house early in the morning and return late at night under the pretext of work in his factory and that he was even reluctant to talk with her. P.W.6 has stated that during Manju's third visit to Beed she was extremely uneasy. disturbed and under a spell of fear, that Manju told her the appellant did not relish even her question as to why he was not prepared to have a simple talk with her, and that during her third visit to Beed, Manju expressed her unwillingness to go to Pune when Birdhichand went to Beed on 2.6.1982 for taking her to Pune. To the same effect is the evidence of P.W s. 2 and 20 about how Manju looked in spirit and what she stated during her last two visits. My learned brother Fazal Ali, J. has rightly rejected the oral evidence of P.Ws. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 20. He has extracted the relevant portions of the letters Exs. 30, 32 and 33 in his judgment and has observed at page 23 that one thing which may be conspicuously noticed in Ex. 30 is that Manju was prepared to take all the blame on herself rather than incriminating her husband or his rents at page 24 that it was conceded by the learned Additional Solicitor General that the relevant portio ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... llant at page 3 of his judgment where he has stated that the positive case of the prosecution is that the appellant was not at all interested in Manju and had illicit intimacy with P.W.37. On this point there is the evidence of P.Ws. 3, 5 and 6. The evidence of P.W.3 is that during her second visit to Beed, Manju informed her that the appellant had a girl-friend by name Ujwala Kothari and that he introduced her (Ujvala Kothari) to her and told her that she should learn from Ujvala Kothari about how she should behave with him. The evidence of P.W.5. is that during her second visit to Beed, Manju told her that the appellant had an affair with a girl by name Ujvala Kothari and that she had seen Ujvala's latter addressed to the appellant and an incomplete letter of the appellant addressed to that girl. No such letters have been produced in evidence. The evidence of P.W.6 is that during her second visit to Beed, Manju told her that the appellant had an affair with a girl by name Ujvala Kothari and also introduced that girl to her in the Pearl Hotel saying that she has complete command over him and that she (Manju) should take lessons from her (Ujvala Kothari) about how she should be ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... itnesses as untrustworthy at pages 64 and 65 of his judgment, mainly on the ground that the oral evidence is quite inconsistent with the spirit and contents of those letters. He appears of have relied upon those three letters for two purposes, namely, rejecting the oral evidence of those five witnesses as untrustworthy and supporting the defence version that it may be a case of suicidal death. In my opinion the oral evidence of those five witnesses about what Manju is alleged to have told them against the appellant and or his parents and the three letters, are inadmissible under s. 32(1) of the Evidence Act, which reads thus: 32. Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, appears to the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant facts in the following cases:- (1) When the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, in cases in which the cause of that pe ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... s to any of the circumstances which resulted in his death. (AIR 1964 SC 900). Where there is nothing to show that the injury to which a statement in the dying declaration relates was the cause of the injured person's death or that the circumstances under which it was received resulted in his death, the statement is not admissible under this clause . (AIR 25 Bombay 45). Page-947 Circumstances of the transaction resulting in his death; This clause refers to two kinds of statements: (i) when the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death or (ii) when the statement is made by a person as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death. The words 'resulted in his death' do not mean 'caused his death'. The expression 'any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death' is wider in scope than the expression 'the cause of his death. The declarant need not actually have been apprehending death. (AIR 1964 M.P. 30). Page-947 The expression 'circumstances of the transaction' . occurring in s.32, clause (1) has been a source of perplexity to Courts faced with the question as to wh ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e transaction which resulted in his death' means only such facts or series or facts which have a direct or organic relation to death. Hence statement made by the deceased long before the incident of murder is not admissible . (1974 CLJ (MP) 1200). Law of Evidence by Ratanlal Dhirajlal (1982 Reprint) Page 94 Circumstances of the transaction; General expressions indicating fear or suspicion whether of a particular individual or otherwise and not directly related to the occasion of the death are not admissible (LR 66 IA 66)(18 Part 234). Page 95 Circumstances must have some proximate relation to the actual occurrence and must be of the transaction which resulted in the death of the declarant. The condition of the admissibility of the evidence is that the cause of the declarant's death comes into question. It is not necessary that statement must be made after the transaction has taken place or that the person making it must be near death or that the 'circumstance' can only include the acts done when and where the death was caused. -Dying declarations are admissible under this clause . The alleged oral statements of Manju and what she has stated in her lett ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... accused. Such a statement might indeed be exculapatory of the person accused. Circumstances of the transaction is a phrase no doubt that conveys some limitations. It is not as broad as the analogous use in circumstantial evidence which includes evidence of all relevant facts. It is on the other hand narrower than re gestae Circumstances most have some proximate relation to the actual occurrence: though, as for instance in a case of prolonged poisoning, they may be related to dates at a considerable distance from the date of the actual fatal dose. I am, therefore of the opinion that the oral evidence of these witnesses, P.Ws. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 20 about what Manju is alleged to have told them against the appellant and or his parents and what the has stated in her letters, Exs. 30 32 and 33, are inadmissible in evidence under s.32(1) of the Evidence Act and cannot be looked into for any purpose. At this stage. it may be stated that Mr. Ram Jethmalani, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the said oral evidence of those five witnesses is inadmissible under s. 32(1) though at first he sought to rely upon the letters, Exs 30, 32 and 33 which seem to lend support to th ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ding the position of the tongue. This, however, throws a cloud of doubt on the correctness or otherwise of the actual reports written by him and the one that was sent to the Chemical Examiner. It is obvious that in the carbon copy which was retained by the Doctor the entries must have been made after the copy was sent to the Chemical Examiner . I entirely agree with these findings of my learned brother Fazal Ali, J. But I am unable to share his view that these circumstances are not of much consequence the opinion of the Doctor was that Manju died by forcible administration of potassium cyanide or by the process of mechanical suffocation and that this aspect need not detain the Court any further because the High Court has not accepted the case of mechanical suffocation and that though a number of comments were made on behalf of the appellant about Dr. Banerji's integrity and incorrect report he does not find any substance in those contentions subject to what he has stated about him. The fact that the High Court has rejected the case of the prosecution based on Dr. Banerji's report and evidence that it was also a case of mechanical suffocation is not one that could be ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e offence of murder namely, that the appellant found Manju dead when he tried to wake her up at 5.30 a.m. on 12.6.1982. It is the case of the prosecution itself that P.W.30 informed the police accordingly at 7 or 7.15 a.m. on that day after receipt of telephonic instructions from the third accused at 6.30 a.m. though he had himself seen the dead body of Manju earlier in the appellant's flat where he was taken by the third accused who had gone to his flat at about 4 or 4.15 a.m. and informed him that Manju was dead, and he (P.W.30) left the appellant's flat a little later at about 5 or 5.15 a. m. after telling Dr. Lodha (P.W. 34) that he was going to report to the police. Thus, it would appear that the case of the prosecution itself is that P.W. 30 is the principal offender as regards giving false information to the police about the death of Manju. Yet the Investigating officer had not filed any charge-sheet against P.W. 30 but has conveniently treated him as a prosecution witness. The Additional Sessions Judge, Pune appears to have exercised no control over the evidence that was tendered in this case and to have been oblivious of the scope of the examination of the accused ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ing with the concurrent findings by two courts below on a pure appreciation of facts. The facts and circumstances have been exhaustively and very minutely detailed in the judgment of my learned Brother Fazal Ali, J. Those have also been set out to certain extent by my Brother Varadarajan, J. It will therefore serve no useful purpose to repeat these here. It is necessary, however, for me to make the following observations. It is a case of circumstantial evidence. It is also undisputed that the deceased died of potassium cyanide on the night of 11th and 12th June. 13th June was the date fixed for the betrothal of the sister of the accused. There is no evidence that the accused was in any way hostile or inamicable towards his sister. The deceased had a very sensitive mind and occasionally had suffered from mental depression partly due to the fact of adjusting in a new family and partly due to her peculiar mental make up but mainly perhaps due to the family set up of the accused husband. There is no direct evidence of administering poison. There is no evidence either way that either the deceased or the accused had in her or his possession any potassium cyanide. In these circumstance ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... is not spread over more than 3-4 months the statement may be admissible under s.32. (Emphasis by me). I would, however, like to state here that this approach should be taken with great deal of caution and care and though I respectfully agree with Fazal Ali, J. that the test of proximity cannot and should not be too literally construed and be reduced practically to a cut-and-dried formula of universal application but it must be emphasised that whenever it is extended beyond the immediate, it should be the exception and must be done with very great caution and care. As a general proposition, it cannot be laid down for all purposes that for instance where a death takes place within a short time of marriage and the distance of time is not spread over three or four months, the statement would be admissible under section 32 of the Evidence Act. This is always not so and cannot be so. In very exceptional circumstances like the circumstances in the present case such statements my be admissible and that too not for proving the positive fact but as an indication of a negative fact, namely raising some doubt about the guilt of the accused as in this case. For the purpose of expressing ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
|
