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TMI BlogMontreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment[Environment Protection & Climate Change].X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment[Environment Protection & Climate Change]. X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... that break down the ozone layer, which shields Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Key Features: * Adopted: 1987. * Signed by: 197 countries (as of 2025) making it one of the most successful and widely ratified environmental treaties in history. * Main Goal: To gradually eliminate the use of ODS, particularly CFCs, halons, and HCFCs, in order to prevent further depletion of the ozone layer. * Success: The protocol is credited with significantly reducing global emissions of ODS, which has contributed to the recovery of the ozone layer. Key Actions and Phases: * Phase-Out of CFCs and Halons: CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals were targeted for gradual phase-out under the treaty. * Timelines for Action: ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... * Developed Countries: Required to stop producing and consuming most ODS by 1996. * Developing Countries: Given longer timelines, with full phase-out required by 2010-2020 depending on the substance. * Monitoring and Compliance: Regular assessment of progress through scientific and technical panels and global assessments by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Impact: * The Montreal Protocol has been instrumental in the reduction of ODS emissions, leading to the healing of the ozone layer. * It is also linked to mitigating global warming by reducing the use of chemicals that are also potent greenhouse gases (GHGs). 2. Kigali Amendment (2016) Purpose: The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol builds on the init ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ial goals of ozone layer protection by addressing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a group of chemicals that were adopted as substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs after their phase-out. While HFCs do not damage the ozone layer, they are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) with high Global Warming Potential (GWP), making them a significant concern in efforts to combat climate change. Key Features: * Adopted: 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda. * Main Goal: To phase down the use of HFCs, which have high GWP, and to limit global warming by reducing their consumption. * Key Focus: While the Montreal Protocol focused on ozone depletion, the Kigali Amendment targets climate change through the control of HFC emissions. Key Actions: * Phase-Down of HFCs: * The Kiga ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... li Amendment aims to reduce the global consumption of HFCs by 80-85% by 2047. * The amendment sets different timelines for developed and developing countries: * Developed countries: Begin HFC phase-down in 2019 and reach full reduction by 2036. * Developing countries: Start the phase-down by 2024 and complete it by 2045 (with some flexibility depending on the country). * HFC Alternatives: Encourage the use of low-GWP alternatives, such as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), carbon dioxide (CO₂), ammonia (NH₃), and natural refrigerants (e.g., propane, isobutane). * Financial Support: Developed countries agreed to provide financial assistance to help developing countries transition to alternatives. * Technology Transfer: The am ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... endment encourages the transfer of new technologies to developing nations to facilitate the switch to low-GWP alternatives. Impact: * The Kigali Amendment has the potential to avoid up to 0.4°C of global warming by the end of the century. * It will reduce the use of HFCs, helping to mitigate climate change, as many HFCs are highly potent greenhouse gases. * The phase-down of HFCs is expected to accelerate the use of more environmentally friendly alternatives in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Comparison: Montreal Protocol vs Kigali Amendment Aspect Montreal Protocol (1987) Kigali Amendment (2016) Primary Objective Protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, etc.) Phase down H ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... FCs to reduce global warming potential (GWP) Target Chemicals CFCs, halons, HCFCs, and other ozone-depleting substances HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons), which have high GWP but no ozone-depleting potential Main Environmental Focus Ozone layer protection Climate change mitigation by controlling HFCs Timeline for Action Phasing out CFCs and HCFCs by 2000s-2020s Begin phasing down HFCs in 2019 (developed countries) and 2024 (developing countries) Developed Countries' Commitments Full phase-out of ODS by 1996-2000 Full phase-down of HFCs by 2036 Developing Countries' Commitments Full phase-out of ODS by 2010-2020 Full phase-down of HFCs by 2045 Key Outcome Ozone layer recovery Climate change mitigation through HFC phase-down ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Additional Support Financial assistance for developing countries to meet phase-out targets Financial assistance and technology transfer for HFC phase-down Global Signatories 197 countries (as of 2025) 197 countries (as of 2025) Environmental Benefit Recovery of the ozone layer, reduction in UV radiation exposure Significant climate change mitigation by reducing GHG emissions Conclusion * The Montreal Protocol is a global success in protecting the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) like CFCs and HCFCs. * The Kigali Amendment takes the next crucial step by addressing the global warming potential (GWP) of HFCs, which were adopted as substitutes for ODS but contribute significantly to climate chan ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ge. The phase-down of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment is a critical step in the global effort to combat climate change. X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
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