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Issues Involved:
1. Reasonableness of restrictions on the freedom to carry on business under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. 2. Discrimination under Article 14 of the Constitution. 3. Penalization under Article 20 of the Constitution. Detailed Analysis: Re. I: Reasonableness of Restrictions on the Freedom to Carry on Business (Article 19(1)(g)) The petitioners challenged Section 25FFF(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, claiming it imposed unreasonable restrictions on their fundamental right to close their businesses. They argued that the requirement to pay compensation for closure, even when done bona fide due to unavoidable circumstances, was unreasonable. Additionally, they contended that the compensation was standardized and did not consider the employer's capacity to pay. Section 25FFF(1) states: "Where an undertaking is closed down for any reason every workman who has been in continuous service for not less than one year in that undertaking immediately before such closure, shall subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) be entitled to notice and compensation in accordance with the provisions of s. 25F, as if the workman had been retrenched." The Court noted the significant difference between Sections 25F and 25FFF(1). Section 25F imposes conditions precedent to retrenchment, while Section 25FFF(1) imposes liability for notice and compensation upon closure but does not make payment a condition precedent to closure. The Court held that the freedom to carry on business under Article 19(1)(g) is not absolute and can be reasonably restricted in the interest of the general public. The provision for compensation aims to mitigate the hardship faced by employees upon sudden unemployment due to closure. The standardized compensation based on the length of service is deemed reasonable as it provides a definite standard and avoids the need for judicial determination in each case. The Court also addressed the explanation to Section 25FFF(1) proviso, which excludes closures due to "financial difficulties or accumulation of undisposed of stocks" from being considered as unavoidable circumstances. The Court found this classification reasonable as financial difficulties or accumulation of stocks could be temporary or due to mismanagement by the employer. The Court concluded that the restrictions imposed by Section 25FFF(1) are reasonable and in the interest of the general public, thus saved by Article 19(6) of the Constitution. Re. II: Discrimination (Article 14) The petitioners argued that the law discriminated between employers who closed their undertakings on or before November 27, 1956, and those who closed after that date, violating Article 14 of the Constitution. The Court held that enacting a law that applies generally to all persons within its ambit from a specific date does not constitute discrimination. The differentiation between transactions covered by the Act and those not covered is not discriminatory. The power of the legislature to impose civil liability on transactions completed before the enactment date is not restricted, and such differentiation does not violate Article 14. Re. III: Penalization (Article 20) The petitioners claimed that the retrospective application of the law penalized acts that were not offenses when committed, violating Article 20 of the Constitution. The Court clarified that Section 25FFF(1) creates a right for employees to receive compensation but does not impose a prohibition or command on employers before closure. Section 31(2) of the Act, which imposes penal liability for contravention, does not apply to the failure to pay compensation under Section 25FFF(1). The liability to pay compensation is enforced through civil processes, not criminal penalties, thus not attracting the protection of Article 20(1). Conclusion The Supreme Court held that Section 25FFF(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, including its proviso and explanation, does not infringe upon the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 19(1)(g), 14, or 20 of the Constitution. The petitions were dismissed with costs.
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