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Issues Involved:
1. Violation of Fundamental Rights under Article 19(1)(g) 2. Violation of Article 14 (Equal Protection of the Laws) 3. Violation of Article 25 (Freedom to Practice Religion) 4. Directive Principles of State Policy under Article 48 5. Reasonableness of Restrictions under Article 19(6) Detailed Analysis: 1. Violation of Fundamental Rights under Article 19(1)(g): The petitioners, who are engaged in the butchery trade, argued that the impugned Acts infringe their fundamental rights to carry on their trade, as guaranteed by Article 19(1)(g). They contended that a total prohibition on the slaughter of cattle effectively annihilates their business. The Court examined whether these restrictions are reasonable in the interests of the general public under Article 19(6). The Court concluded that a total ban on the slaughter of cows of all ages and calves of cows and buffaloes is reasonable and valid. However, a total ban on the slaughter of she-buffaloes, breeding bulls, and working bullocks, irrespective of their age or usefulness, is not reasonable and thus void. 2. Violation of Article 14 (Equal Protection of the Laws): The petitioners claimed that the Acts discriminate against butchers who slaughter cattle as opposed to those who slaughter goats and sheep, thus violating Article 14. The Court held that the classification between butchers who slaughter cattle and those who slaughter goats and sheep is based on an intelligible differentia and has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statutes, namely, the preservation, protection, and improvement of livestock. Therefore, the Acts do not violate Article 14. 3. Violation of Article 25 (Freedom to Practice Religion): The petitioners argued that the impugned Acts contravene Article 25 as they prohibit Muslims from performing the religious practice of sacrificing cows on Bakr Id. The Court found that there was insufficient material to substantiate the claim that the sacrifice of a cow is an obligatory religious practice. The Court noted that many Muslims do not sacrifice cows on Bakr Id and that historical precedents, including directives from Mughal emperors, have prohibited cow slaughter. Thus, the Court did not uphold this claim. 4. Directive Principles of State Policy under Article 48: The Court noted that the impugned Acts were enacted pursuant to Article 48, which directs the State to take steps for preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. The Court emphasized that while directive principles are fundamental in the governance of the country, they cannot override the fundamental rights conferred by Chapter III of the Constitution. 5. Reasonableness of Restrictions under Article 19(6): The Court applied the test of reasonableness to each individual statute. It considered the nature of the right alleged to have been infringed, the underlying purpose of the restrictions, the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied, the disproportion of the imposition, and the prevailing conditions. The Court concluded that a total ban on the slaughter of cows and calves is reasonable and valid. However, a total ban on the slaughter of she-buffaloes, breeding bulls, and working bullocks, irrespective of their age or usefulness, is not reasonable and thus void. Conclusion: The Court upheld the validity of the Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh Acts in so far as they prohibit the slaughter of cows of all ages and calves of cows and buffaloes. However, it struck down the provisions that impose a total ban on the slaughter of she-buffaloes, breeding bulls, and working bullocks without distinguishing between useful and useless animals, as these provisions were deemed unreasonable and void. The respondent States were directed not to enforce the void provisions of their respective Acts. Each party was ordered to bear its own costs.
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