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Issues Involved:
1. Constitutional validity of Section 17(4) of the National Council for Teachers Education Act, 1993. 2. Competence of the Parliament to enact the National Council for Teachers Education Act, 1993. 3. Validity of the de-recognition of the B.Ed (Vacation Course) by the National Council for Teachers Education. 4. Compliance with the principles of natural justice in the de-recognition process. Summary: 1. Constitutional Validity of Section 17(4) of the Act: The High Court struck down Section 17(4) of the National Council for Teachers Education Act, 1993, holding that the Parliament cannot prescribe qualifications for entry into State Government services, which is governed by the Proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court, however, reversed this decision, stating that Section 17(4) is a law dealing with the coordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education, falling within Entry 66 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. The Court emphasized that the provision is not about employment but about maintaining educational standards. 2. Competence of the Parliament: The High Court acknowledged the Parliament's competence to enact the Act for the coordinated development of the teacher education system. The Supreme Court further reinforced this by stating that the Act, including Section 17(4), is within the legislative competence of the Union Legislature under Entry 66 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. The Court applied the doctrine of "pith and substance" to conclude that the Act primarily deals with educational standards, not employment conditions. 3. Validity of De-recognition of the B.Ed (Vacation Course): The High Court invalidated the de-recognition of the B.Ed (Vacation Course) by the National Council for Teachers Education. The Supreme Court, however, upheld the Council's decision, emphasizing the importance of maintaining high educational standards. The Court noted that the NCTE, as an expert body, is entrusted with this responsibility, and its decisions should not be lightly interfered with by the judiciary. 4. Compliance with Principles of Natural Justice: The Supreme Court found no merit in the High Court's reasoning that the de-recognition violated principles of natural justice. The Court highlighted that the NCTE's decision was based on maintaining educational standards, which is crucial for the quality of future teachers and, consequently, the nation's educational system. Conclusion: The Supreme Court set aside the High Court's judgment, upheld the constitutional validity of Section 17(4) of the Act, and validated the de-recognition of the B.Ed (Vacation Course). The Court remitted the related Writ Petitions back to the High Court for reconsideration of any other surviving issues.
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