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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the sums of Rs. 23,236 and Rs. 12,250 expended by the assessee in defending the winding-up petition were admissible deductions against the profits of the previous years. Detailed Analysis: Issue 1: Admissibility of Expenditure as Deductions The primary issue in this case is whether the amounts spent by the assessee company in defending a winding-up petition can be considered as deductible expenses under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Indian Income-tax Act. The assessee, a public limited company engaged in printing and publishing, incurred legal expenses in defending a winding-up petition filed by a shareholder. The Income-tax Officer initially rejected the claim for deduction of these expenses. However, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner allowed the deduction, stating that the expenditure was incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal overturned this decision, concluding that the expenditure was capital in nature as it affected the entire structure of the company's profit-making apparatus. The court examined several precedents to determine whether the expenditure was revenue or capital in nature. Key cases considered include: 1. Strong and Company of Romsey Limited v. Woodifield: - This case established that expenses incurred for the purpose of enabling a person to carry on and earn profits in a trade could be deductible. 2. Morgan (Inspector of Taxes) v. Tate & Lyle Ltd.: - The House of Lords held that expenses incurred to prevent the seizure of a company's assets were deductible as they enabled the company to carry on its business and earn profits. 3. Southern (H.M. Inspector of Taxes) v. Borax Consolidated, Ltd.: - Legal expenses incurred to defend the title to the assets of a business were considered revenue expenses and thus deductible. 4. Commissioner of Income-tax v. Raman and Raman Ltd.: - Legal expenses incurred to defend the title to business assets were allowed as revenue expenses. 5. Mahabir Parshad and Sons v. Commissioner of Income-tax: - The court held that legal expenses incurred to defend business premises were revenue expenses. The court noted that the principle deducible from these decisions is that expenditure incurred to defend a business's title to its assets or to prevent the seizure of its assets is considered revenue expenditure. The court rejected the argument that expenditure incurred to defend against a threat to the entire business structure is capital in nature. The court also distinguished this case from Commissioner of Income-tax v. H. Hirjee and Van den Berghs Ltd. v. Clark. In Hirjee, the legal expenses were incurred in a criminal prosecution, which was not directly related to the business's operations. In Van den Berghs, the expenses were related to the cancellation of fundamental business agreements, which was considered a capital expenditure. In the present case, the court found that the expenditure was incurred to prevent the winding up of the company, which would have ended its business operations. Therefore, the expenditure was necessary to enable the company to continue its business and earn profits. Conclusion: The court concluded that the sums of Rs. 23,236 and Rs. 12,250 expended by the assessee in defending the winding-up petition were admissible deductions against the profits of the previous years. The court answered the referred question in the affirmative and ordered the Commissioner to pay the costs of the assessee.
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