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Issues:
- Whether the loss of ornaments claimed as a deduction in the revised return for the Diwali year 1979 can be allowed. - Whether loss of ornaments held as security in money-lending business can be deducted under section 28. Analysis: The case involves an income-tax reference under section 256 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, regarding the allowance of a claimed loss of ornaments by a money-lending firm. The firm faced a theft of ornaments and cash, leading to a loss. The Income-tax Officer disallowed the claim of loss of ornaments, stating it was beyond the prescribed period for filing the revised return. The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) upheld this decision, leading the firm to appeal to the Tribunal. The Tribunal allowed the claim, considering the ornaments as part of the business of pawning. The Tribunal referred two questions to the High Court for resolution. The High Court analyzed the situation, focusing on the nature of the loss and its deductibility under section 37 of the Income-tax Act. Section 37 allows expenditure laid out wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business. The Court referred to a Supreme Court case involving a bank's loss due to dacoity, where it was held that actual losses incurred in the course of business are deductible. The Court emphasized that only actual expenditure incurred in the business is allowable. In this case, the firm could only prove a loss of Rs. 27,120 paid to redeem the ornaments, not the claimed amount of Rs. 1,32,559. Therefore, the Court upheld the disallowance of the excess claimed amount. The Court noted that the firm could claim any subsequent payments made for the lost ornaments in future assessments if supported by evidence of actual loss. The Tribunal's decision to allow the full claimed amount was deemed unfounded as it did not consider the actual loss incurred. Ultimately, the reference was answered against the firm and in favor of the Revenue, emphasizing the need for substantiating actual losses for deductions in business expenditures. In conclusion, the High Court's judgment clarified the principles governing the allowance of business losses and deductions under the Income-tax Act, emphasizing the requirement for actual expenditure and loss substantiation for claim eligibility.
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