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Determining whether the assessee's transaction in the purchase and sale of Rohtas shares constituted a business transaction or an investment transaction. Analysis: The judgment by Manohar Lall, J., addressed a reference by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal regarding the nature of the assessee's transaction involving Rohtas shares. The assessee, a cement company, had purchased shares from a sister concern, Rohtas Industries Ltd., and later sold them for a profit. The dispute arose over whether this activity constituted a business transaction or an investment transaction. The company argued that the profits were merely an appreciation of capital and not taxable, while the Income-tax Department contended that the transaction was part of the company's business activities. The judgment referenced several English cases to establish principles regarding the taxation of profits derived from the sale of investments. It highlighted the distinction between mere realization of investments and profit-making business operations. The judgment cited cases such as Northern Assurance Co. v. Russell and Californian Copper Syndicate v. Harris to provide context on assessing income-tax liability based on the nature of transactions. The judgment also analyzed the provisions of the company's Articles of Association, which authorized dealing in shares and investing surplus funds. It noted that the company's actions were in line with its objectives and were aimed at promoting its interests. The judgment emphasized that the company's investment in Rohtas shares was a strategic business decision to advance its own interests, especially in competition with other cement companies. The judgment concluded that the transaction involving Rohtas shares was indeed a business transaction based on the company's actions, objectives, and the findings of the Appellate Tribunal. It rejected the argument that the profits were merely from the realization of investments and upheld that they were part of the company's profit-making activities. Consequently, the judgment ruled in favor of the Income-tax Department, holding the assessee liable for tax on the profits from the Rohtas shares transaction. In a concurring opinion, Chatterji, J., agreed with the analysis and conclusion of the judgment, thereby affirming that the assessee's transaction constituted a business activity subject to taxation. The reference was answered accordingly, with the assessee instructed to bear the costs and a hearing fee imposed. This comprehensive analysis of the judgment provides a detailed overview of the legal reasoning and decision-making process involved in determining the tax liability of the assessee based on the nature of the transaction involving Rohtas shares.
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