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1. Allocation of capital gains among beneficiaries in a trust. Analysis: The High Court of Bombay was presented with a reference under section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, regarding the allocation of capital gains amounting to Rs. 60,650 in a trust among the beneficiaries. The trust had sold a property, generating capital gains, along with other sources of income during the relevant assessment year. The Income-tax Officer initially assessed the capital gain in the hands of the trustees instead of allocating it among the nine beneficiaries, unlike the other income. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner ruled in favor of the assessee, stating that the capital gain should be equally distributed among the beneficiaries. However, the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal reversed this decision, leading to the reference before the High Court. The primary contention was whether section 161 of the Income-tax Act applied to capital gains or only to regular income. The assessee argued that since the beneficiaries were known, and their shares were determinate, the capital gains should also be allocated among them equally, as done with other income. On the contrary, the Revenue contended that section 161 applied solely to income and not capital gains, citing clauses in the trust deed that differentiated capital gains from regular income. The High Court analyzed the relevant provisions of the Income-tax Act, particularly section 161, which imposes duties and liabilities on the representative assessee regarding the income of the beneficiaries. It was noted that the Act defines "income" to include capital gains chargeable under section 45, indicating that capital gains are a form of income. Additionally, the Act classifies income under different heads, including capital gains, under section 14. Section 45 specifically states that capital gains are chargeable to income tax, further supporting the inclusion of capital gains under the definition of income. The Court highlighted that specific provisions in the Act excluded capital gains from certain contexts, such as advance tax payment, but no such exclusion existed in section 161. Therefore, the Court concluded that section 161 applied to all income, including capital gains. Consequently, the Tribunal's decision to treat capital gains differently for assessment purposes was deemed unjustified. The High Court ruled in favor of the assessee, stating that the capital gains should be allocable among the beneficiaries equally. Thus, the question posed in the reference was answered in the negative, favoring the assessee. No costs were awarded in the case.
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