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Issues:
1. Whether the payments made by the assessee were in the course of business, arising out of any transfer of the business, and incurred to protect the business. 2. Whether the expenditure for a substantial change in the capital structure resulting in changing the ownership of the business is a revenue expenditure. 3. Whether the 'dilution expenses' incurred by the assessee are an admissible deduction. Analysis: The case involved the assessment of an expenditure claimed by a non-resident company as business expenditure under section 37 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. The company spent a significant amount for professional services related to compliance with the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, referred to as "dilution expenses" for Indianisation of foreign holding. The assessing officer disallowed the claim, considering the expenditure as capital expenditure related to the transfer of equity capital from foreign to Indian citizens, which was confirmed by the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals). The Tribunal, however, relying on precedents, including the decision in Dalmia Jain & Co. Ltd. v. CIT [1971] 81 ITR 754 (SC), held the expenditure to be a business loss rather than capital expenditure. The Tribunal's conclusion was deemed unwarranted by the High Court, emphasizing the distinction made by the Supreme Court regarding capital and business expenditure. The High Court noted that the expenditure was aimed at changing the capital structure to comply with the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, resulting in a fundamental transformation of the company's character and status. It was concluded that the expenditure was capital in nature, incurred to create, cure, or perfect title to the share capital as required by the statute, not for the protection of the business. Consequently, the High Court answered the third question in the negative, favoring the Revenue and ruling against the assessee. Since the answer to the third question resolved the matter, the other questions referred did not require an answer. The parties were directed to bear their respective costs in the case, and a copy of the judgment was to be forwarded to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Cochin Bench.
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