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Issues Involved:
1. Validity of the Orissa Kendu Leaves (Control of Trade) Act, 1961 under Articles 19(1)(f) and (g). 2. Constitutionality of the notifications issued under the Act. 3. Validity of Sections 3, 5, 6, and 16 of the Act under Article 14. 4. Legality of the State monopoly in trade of Kendu leaves. 5. Validity of the agreement between the State and its agents. Detailed Analysis: 1. Validity of the Orissa Kendu Leaves (Control of Trade) Act, 1961 under Articles 19(1)(f) and (g): The petitioner challenged the Act, claiming it imposed severe restrictions on his fundamental rights under Articles 19(1)(f) and (g). The State argued that under Article 19(6), the legislature is empowered to create a State monopoly in any trade or business, which cannot be challenged under Articles 19(1)(f) or (g). The Court examined the legislative history and the purpose of the amendment made by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, which clarified that State monopolies are presumed to be reasonable and in the interest of the general public. The Court concluded that the creation of a State monopoly under the Act is valid and does not contravene Articles 19(1)(f) and (g). 2. Constitutionality of the Notifications Issued Under the Act: The petitioner challenged the validity of the notifications issued under the Act, arguing that they were based on invalid provisions. The Court held that since the Act itself is valid, the notifications issued under its provisions are also valid. The notifications were found to be consistent with the Act and did not contravene any constitutional provisions. 3. Validity of Sections 3, 5, 6, and 16 of the Act under Article 14: The petition alleged that Sections 3, 5, 6, and 16 of the Act contravened Article 14. However, this argument was not pursued during the hearing. The Court did not find any merit in the challenge to these sections under Article 14, as no specific arguments or evidence were presented to support this claim. 4. Legality of the State Monopoly in Trade of Kendu Leaves: The petitioner argued that the State monopoly created by the Act was a colourable piece of legislation and violated his fundamental rights. The Court examined the provisions of the Act and the legislative intent behind creating the monopoly. It concluded that the State monopoly in the trade of Kendu leaves is justified and falls within the scope of Article 19(6). The monopoly was found to be reasonable and in the interest of the general public, as it aimed to regulate the trade and ensure fair prices for the growers. 5. Validity of the Agreement Between the State and its Agents: The petitioner contended that the agreement between the State and its agents was invalid, as it created a monopoly in favour of individuals rather than the State. The Court examined the terms of the agreement and found that it did not strictly adhere to the concept of agency as required under Article 19(6)(ii). The agreement allowed agents to operate on their own account and retain profits, which is inconsistent with the requirements of a State monopoly. The Court held that Rule 7(5) of the Rules framed under the Act, which allowed ad hoc agreements, was invalid. It directed the State to prescribe the terms and conditions of the agency agreement through rules made under Section 18 of the Act. Conclusion: The petition was partially allowed. The Court upheld the validity of the Orissa Kendu Leaves (Control of Trade) Act, 1961, and the notifications issued under it. However, it found Rule 7(5) and the agreement between the State and its agents to be invalid. The State was directed to implement the provisions of the Act with valid agreements that adhere to the requirements of Article 19(6)(ii). No order as to costs was made.
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