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Interpretation of the term "earned income" in the context of dividend income for tax purposes. Detailed Analysis: The judgment by the High Court of Bombay dealt with Income-tax References concerning the classification of dividend income as "earned income" under the Finance Act. The case involved two brothers who were partners in a firm engaged in share trading and speculation. The firm had received dividends on shares sold ex-dividend, which were allocated to the partners and taxed as income from other sources. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) denied earned income relief, but the Appellate Authority Commission (AAC) considered dividends as earned income due to personal exertion. However, the Tribunal overturned this decision, stating that dividend income was generated solely from share ownership and not personal activity. The central question raised was whether dividend income qualified as "earned income" under the Finance Act. The court referred to a previous case where it was established that although dividends are categorized as income from other sources, for a dealer in shares, such income can be considered business income as it arises in the course of business. The definition of earned income was analyzed, emphasizing that the income must be directly derived from personal exertion without any intervening stage. The court rejected the argument that dividend income results from personal exertion during share transactions, as the income materializes only after the dividend declaration by the company. The court dismissed the contention that dividend income should be treated as earned income due to the consideration of expected dividends in share transactions. It clarified that dividend income is realized only after the declaration by the company and cannot be attributed to personal exertion during share transactions. The judgment concluded by answering the referred question in the negative, ruling against the assessee and directing them to pay costs for one of the references. In summary, the court clarified that dividend income cannot be classified as earned income based on personal exertion during share transactions, as the income materializes only after the dividend declaration. The decision reaffirmed that dividend income falls under the category of income from other sources and does not qualify as earned income under the Finance Act.
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