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Interpretation of section 52 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 regarding capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, application of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 52, determining the fair market value of a capital asset for taxation purposes, rephrasing the question referred to the court for decision. Analysis: The case involved a private limited company that sold two non-residential buildings to one of its shareholders for Rs. 80,000, which was lower than the fair market value of Rs. 1,20,000. The Income-tax Officer included the difference in value in the company's income for tax assessment under section 45 of the Income-tax Act, alleging an attempt to reduce tax liability. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner, following precedent, ruled that section 52 was not applicable since there was no evidence the company received more than the stated consideration. The department appealed to the Tribunal, arguing that section 52 should apply. The Tribunal, relying on precedent, held that unless it was proven the company received more than the declared consideration, section 52 did not apply. The department sought a rephrasing of the question referred to the court, which was accepted to reflect the real issue at hand. The court analyzed the relevant sections of the Income-tax Act, particularly section 45 imposing tax on capital gains and section 52 addressing situations where the transfer of a capital asset is connected to avoidance or reduction of tax liability. Sub-section (1) of section 52 applies when there is a reason to believe the transfer was for tax avoidance, while sub-section (2) applies when the fair market value exceeds the declared consideration by over 15%. In this case, as the fair market value exceeded the declared consideration by more than 15%, section 52(2) was deemed applicable, resulting in the difference being considered as capital gains for tax computation under section 48. The court concluded that the application of section 52(2) was appropriate in this case, leading to a determination of capital gains based on the difference between the fair market value and the declared consideration. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the department, directing the computation of income tax based on the revised fair market value. The judgment was to be forwarded to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Cochin Bench, with costs to be borne by the respective parties.
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