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ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED
The core legal issues considered in this judgment were: 1. Whether the trial of the respondent by General Court Martial (GCM) was time-barred under Section 122(1)(b) of the Army Act, 1950. 2. Determination of the relevant date from which the period of limitation for initiating the GCM trial should commence. 3. Identification of the "person aggrieved" and the "authority competent to initiate action" under Section 122(1)(b) of the Army Act, 1950. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS 1. Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents Section 122 of the Army Act, 1950 prescribes a three-year limitation period for the trial of any person by Court Martial for any offence. The period commences from the date of the offence or when the offence comes to the knowledge of the person aggrieved or the authority competent to initiate action, whichever is earlier. The section aims to ensure that individuals are not indefinitely subject to prosecution, thereby protecting them from prolonged uncertainty. 2. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning The Court examined whether the GCM trial was initiated within the prescribed limitation period. It analyzed the knowledge of the offence by the "person aggrieved" or the "authority competent to initiate action" to determine when the limitation period commenced. The Court emphasized that the term "person aggrieved" typically applies to natural persons, not juristic entities like government organizations. Therefore, the relevant date for the commencement of the limitation period would be when the competent authority, in this case, the GOC-in-C Western Command, became aware of the offence and directed disciplinary action. 3. Key Evidence and Findings The Court considered several key pieces of evidence, including:
4. Application of Law to Facts The Court applied Section 122(1)(b) of the Army Act to determine the correct commencement date for the limitation period. It concluded that the limitation period began on December 3, 1994, when the competent authority, GOC-in-C Western Command, became aware of the offence and directed disciplinary action. This date was considered crucial as it marked the first instance when the competent authority had sufficient information to initiate proceedings against the respondent. 5. Treatment of Competing Arguments The appellant argued that the trial was not time-barred as the competent authority only became aware of the offence on December 3, 1994. In contrast, the respondent contended that the limitation period should commence from earlier dates, such as May 17, 1993, when the initial report was submitted, or May 27, 1993, when Brigadier K.S. Bharucha forwarded the report. The Court found the appellant's argument more persuasive, emphasizing the importance of the competent authority's knowledge in determining the limitation period. 6. Conclusions The Court concluded that the GCM trial commenced within the statutory limitation period. The trial began on December 17, 1996, well within three years from December 3, 1994, when the competent authority directed disciplinary action. Thus, the proceedings were not time-barred. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS - The Court held that the term "person aggrieved" in Section 122(1)(b) of the Army Act refers to natural persons and not government organizations. Therefore, the relevant date for the limitation period is when the competent authority, capable of initiating action, becomes aware of the offence. - The Court established that the limitation period for initiating a GCM trial commences when the competent authority in the chain of command has sufficient knowledge to initiate disciplinary proceedings. - The Court determined that the GCM trial against the respondent was initiated within the prescribed limitation period, as the trial commenced on December 17, 1996, following the competent authority's directive on December 3, 1994. The impugned judgment of the High Court was set aside, and the appeal was allowed. The Court found no orders as to costs.
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