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Issues Involved:
1. Deduction of bad debt amounting to Rs. 9,73,772. 2. Inclusion of interest income of Rs. 1,68,895 in the assessee's income. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Deduction of Bad Debt Amounting to Rs. 9,73,772: The first issue concerns the deduction of a bad debt amounting to Rs. 9,73,772 claimed by the assessee-company, which was disallowed by the Income-tax Officer (ITO). The debt was due from Kumardhubi Engineering Works Ltd. (KEW), which was managed by the same group of people controlling the assessee-company. The debt comprised amounts outstanding in various accounts, including Passage A/c, Foundry Chemicals A/c, Grease A/c, and Central A/c, for goods and services supplied by the assessee. The assessee argued that KEW had been a sick company since mid-1979, with its works lying closed, and there were no prospects of recovering the dues due to KEW's hopeless financial position and ongoing liquidation proceedings. The ITO, based on the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner's (IAC) direction, rejected the assessee's claim, citing several reasons, including the continuation of billing after KEW's closure, the controlling interest of the assessee in KEW, and the possibility of KEW's revival. The ITO also referenced a Calcutta High Court decision in V. N. Rajan & Co. v. CIT, asserting that the assessee was not entitled to the deduction claimed under section 36(1)(vii). The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) [CIT (A)] overturned the ITO's decision, stating that the debt arose out of transactions during the assessee's day-to-day business, had been accounted for in earlier years, and was written off in the relevant accounting year. The CIT (A) concluded that the debt became bad based on the assessee's detailed evaluation of KEW's financial position and the hopeless prospects of recovery. The Tribunal upheld the CIT (A)'s decision, agreeing that the Board of Directors took a practical approach in writing off the debt based on the materials available, including the Allahabad Bank's letter indicating KEW's negative net worth and the Bihar Government's compensation of Rs. 4 crores, which was insufficient to cover KEW's liabilities. 2. Inclusion of Interest Income of Rs. 1,68,895: The second issue pertains to the inclusion of interest income of Rs. 1,68,895 in the assessee's income. The assessee advanced interest-bearing loans totaling Rs. 15 lakhs to its subsidiary, Dalhousie Jute Co., during the relevant previous year. The Board of Directors authorized the loans at the same interest rate that Dalhousie Jute Co. paid on its borrowings from its bankers. Subsequently, the assessee sold its equity holdings in Dalhousie Jute Co., and the latter ceased to be a subsidiary. The interest charged on the loan was reversed based on a resolution passed by the Board of Directors, treating the loan as interest-free from the date it was given. The ITO included the interest income in the assessee's income, stating that the interest had accrued as of 31-3-1981. The CIT (A) deleted the addition, but the Tribunal reversed this decision, holding that the interest income had indeed accrued based on the Board's resolutions and that the subsequent waiver of interest was an independent action taken after the end of the accounting year. The Tribunal distinguished the case from the Calcutta High Court decision in CIT v. North West Coal Ltd., emphasizing that the accrual of income must be judged on the principles of real income theory and that once accrual takes place, subsequent conduct cannot negate the income. Conclusion: The Tribunal upheld the CIT (A)'s decision regarding the deduction of the bad debt but reversed the CIT (A)'s decision on the inclusion of interest income, thereby allowing the appeal in part.
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