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Issues Involved:
1. Applicability of the enhanced rates of depreciation under the Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 1983, to the assessment years 1982-83 and 1983-84. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: Issue 1: Applicability of Enhanced Depreciation Rates for Assessment Year 1982-83 The primary contention was whether the enhanced rates of depreciation under the Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 1983, which came into force on 2-4-1983, could be applied retrospectively to the assessment year 1982-83. The assessee argued that these rules should be considered procedural and thus applicable to all pending assessments. However, the Income Tax Officer (ITO) and the Commissioner (Appeals) held that the law as it stood on the first day of the assessment year (1-4-1982) is applicable, and since the new rules came into effect after the end of the assessment year 1982-83, they could not be applied retrospectively. The Tribunal upheld the decisions of the lower authorities, stating that the enhanced rates of depreciation are substantive law and not procedural. Therefore, they cannot be applied retrospectively. The Tribunal concluded that the enhanced rates of depreciation under the impugned Rules did not apply while determining the taxable income for the assessment year 1982-83. Issue 2: Applicability of Enhanced Depreciation Rates for Assessment Year 1983-84 For the assessment year 1983-84, the assessee contended that the enhanced rates of depreciation should apply, arguing that the notification's effective date of 2-4-1983 was due to 1-4-1983 being a Sunday. The assessee relied on precedents where similar rules were applied retrospectively and argued that the enhanced rates should apply to the entire assessment year 1983-84. The learned departmental representative argued against this, citing several Supreme Court decisions and a Calcutta Tribunal decision which held that changes in substantive law are not retrospective unless explicitly stated. The representative emphasized that the law as it stood on 1-4-1983 should apply, and since the new rules came into effect on 2-4-1983, they should not apply to the assessment year 1983-84. The Tribunal, however, accepted the assessee's arguments for the assessment year 1983-84. It held that the general rule that the law as on the first day of the assessment year should govern the assessment is subject to qualification by any express provision or necessary implication. The Tribunal noted that the impugned Rules did not specifically state to which assessment year they apply and inferred that the intention was to apply the enhanced rates from 1-4-1983. Thus, the Tribunal concluded that the assessee was entitled to claim depreciation under the impugned Rules for the assessment year 1983-84, granting the relief of Rs. 72,70,546. Conclusion: The appeals were decided with the following outcomes: - The appeal for the assessment year 1982-83 was dismissed, upholding the lower authorities' decision that the enhanced depreciation rates do not apply retrospectively. - The appeal for the assessment year 1983-84 was allowed, granting the assessee the benefit of the enhanced depreciation rates under the Income-tax (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 1983.
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