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Issues Involved:
1. Liability of a registered firm to pay interest under section 139(8)(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, read with Explanation 2, even when no tax is payable. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Liability of a registered firm to pay interest under section 139(8)(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, read with Explanation 2, even when no tax is payable: The primary issue addressed in this judgment is whether a registered firm is liable to pay interest under section 139(8)(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, read with Explanation 2, even when no tax is payable. The assessee, a registered partnership firm, filed its return late, resulting in a refund situation. The revenue argued that interest should be charged based on the tax calculated as if the firm were unregistered, invoking Explanation 2 to section 139(8)(a). The Tribunal analyzed the statutory provisions, focusing on the relevant sections and explanations. Section 139(8)(a) imposes interest for late filing of returns, calculated on the tax payable on the total income as determined on regular assessment, reduced by advance tax and tax deducted at source. Explanation 2 states that for registered firms, the tax payable should be calculated as if the firm were unregistered. The revenue's stand was that the moment the conditions of taxable income and late filing are met, Explanation 2 should apply, leading to interest charges even if no tax is payable. They argued that the principles governing penalty under section 271(1)(a) should not apply due to differences in language and scope. They also contended that construing section 139(8)(a) as the assessee suggested would render the provision nugatory, as registered firms pay less tax and partners might delay their returns. The assessee's counsel argued that interest is compensation for withholding government money, and if no money is withheld, no interest should be charged. They cited the Karnataka High Court's decision in Addl. CIT v. Mahadeshwara Lorry Service, which held that section 139(8)(a) in relation to registered firms is discriminatory. They also invoked the principle that when two views are possible, the one favoring the assessee should be adopted. The Tribunal distinguished between the purposes of sections 139(8)(a) and 271(1)(a). Section 139(8)(a) aims to compensate the government for delayed tax payments, while section 271(1)(a) is punitive. Interest under section 139(8)(a) is not penal but compensatory, as highlighted by the Gujarat High Court in Addl. CIT v. Santosh Industries and the Kerala High Court in Kerala Tile & Clay Works v. CIT. The Tribunal concluded that for a registered firm, if no tax is payable after accounting for advance tax and tax deducted at source, no interest is chargeable under section 139(8)(a). The fiction under Explanation 2 applies only if there is tax payable. They emphasized that legal fictions should be construed strictly and only applied when necessary. The Tribunal rejected the revenue's argument that partners would avoid interest liability if the firm delayed its return, noting that this was speculative and not a guiding factor for statutory interpretation. They also affirmed that construing section 139(8)(a) as suggested by the assessee would not render the provision nugatory. Finally, the Tribunal upheld the view that if there is ambiguity, the interpretation favoring the assessee should prevail, as established by the Supreme Court in CIT v. Vegetable Products Ltd. Consequently, the Tribunal upheld the AAC's decision that the assessee was not liable to pay interest, and the revenue's appeal was dismissed.
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