2025 (4) TMI 1259 - AT - Income Tax

Unexplained cash credit u/s 68 - bogus short term loss claimed by the assessee by way of transacting in penny stocks - HELD THAT - We note that transactions were undertaken through the SEBI registered broker on the stock exchange platform on which STT was levied and the consideration was routed through normal banking channel. The entire flow of these transactions is corroborated by relevant documentary evidences placed on record. While making the addition there are no discrepancies pointed out by the AO in the documents and the details furnished by the assessee. Ld. AO has not bothered to discuss or point out any defect or deficiency in the documents furnished by the assessee. These evidences furnished have been neither controverted by the Ld. AO during the assessment proceedings nor anything substantive brought on record to justify the addition made by him. Revenue has not brought on record any material about participation of the assessee with any such dubious transactions relating to accommodation entry price rigging or exit providers. AO could have taken an adverse view only if he could point out the discrepancies or insufficiency in the evidence and details furnished in his office. Once the assessee has produced documentary evidence to establish the veracity of his claim the burden would shift on the Revenue to establish its case. AO had proceeded on the basis of analysis of the financials of the company. According to him sharp movement in the share prices of the aforesaid scrip is not justified. He has relied upon the search and survey operations conducted by the investigation wing of the Department at various locations in respect of alleged penny stock which sets out the modus operandi adopted in the business of providing entries for bogus capital gains. The conclusion drawn by AO of implicating the assessee is un-supported by any cogent material on record. It is also a fact on record that assessee is a regular investor transacting and holding shares in several scrips. The finding arrived at by the ld. AO is thus purely an assumption based on conjectures and surmises. In our thoughtful considerations to the facts and circumstances of the case it is not in controversy that assessee has discharged his burden by submitting the relevant documents details of which are already noted above forming part of the paper book. Thus we have no reason to interfere with the first appellate order whereby addition made towards short term capital loss on the share transactions of two scrips which was set off from the short-term capital gains on other scrips. Accordingly grounds taken by the revenue in this respect are dismissed. Addition on estimate basis towards commission for arranging alleged artificial capital loss - Since we have upheld the deletion of the said addition towards short-term capital loss on the aforesaid two scrips in terms of above stated observations and findings this consequential addition also receives the same fate affirming the finding of ld. CIT(A) to this effect. Accordingly grounds taken by the revenue in this respect are dismissed.

Summary

The core legal issues considered in this appeal revolve around the validity of additions made by the Assessing Officer (AO) under the Income-tax Act, 1961, specifically:

1. Whether the short-term capital loss of Rs. 1,27,35,801/- claimed by the assessee on transactions in penny stocks of two companies, Neha International Ltd. and VAS Infrastructure Ltd., is a genuine loss or an unexplained cash credit liable to be added back under section 68 of the Income-tax Act.

2. Whether the incidental expenditure of Rs. 1,27,358/- claimed as commission paid for arranging the above transactions constitutes unexplained expenditure under section 69C of the Income-tax Act.

3. Whether the Assessing Officer's reliance on statements of promoters and intermediaries, and the financial performance of the companies, suffices to establish that the transactions were sham, bogus accommodation entries designed to create artificial capital loss.

Issue-wise Detailed Analysis

Issue 1: Legitimacy of Short-Term Capital Loss Claimed on Penny Stock Transactions

Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 68 of the Income-tax Act deals with unexplained cash credits. Where the assessee fails to explain the nature and source of any sum credited in his books, the sum is treated as income. The burden lies on the assessee to prove the genuineness of such credits. In cases involving share transactions, the genuineness of trades, the flow of funds through banking channels, payment of Securities Transaction Tax (STT), and documentary evidence such as contract notes and broker statements are critical in establishing bona fide transactions. Precedents hold that mere suspicion or reliance on third-party statements without direct evidence against the assessee is insufficient to treat transactions as bogus.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Tribunal examined the facts and evidence submitted by the assessee, including broker contract notes, bank statements, STT payment challans, and Form 10DB, which demonstrated that the share transactions were conducted through a SEBI-registered broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange platform with payments routed through normal banking channels. The Tribunal noted that the AO did not point out any discrepancies or deficiencies in these documents.

The AO's primary basis for addition was the information from the investigation wing and statements of promoters and intermediaries, alleging manipulation and accommodation entries. However, the Tribunal found that the promoter of VAS Infrastructure Ltd. did not confess to any manipulation, merely stating limited exposure to the scrip and inability to explain price behavior. No categorical statements implicating the assessee were produced by intermediaries. The Tribunal also analyzed the financial performance of both companies, noting that the decline in share prices was consistent with deteriorating company profits and losses, which is a common market phenomenon and not unusual or suspicious.

Further, the Tribunal emphasized that in stock market transactions, buyers and sellers are unknown to each other, and trades are executed through brokers, reducing the scope for collusion or manipulation by the assessee. The AO's findings were held to be based on conjectures and assumptions without substantive material against the assessee.

Key Evidence and Findings: Documentary evidence of purchase and sale transactions, broker contract notes, bank statements, STT payment proofs, and Form 10DB; financial statements of the companies showing declining profits and corresponding share price fall; absence of direct evidence implicating the assessee in any price rigging or accommodation entry scheme.

Application of Law to Facts: Since the assessee furnished credible documentary evidence and the AO failed to identify any discrepancies or bring forward cogent material to rebut the genuineness of the transactions, the burden of proof shifted to the Revenue, which was not discharged. Consequently, the addition under section 68 was not justified.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The AO's reliance on investigation reports and statements of third parties was scrutinized and found insufficient to establish the transactions as bogus. The Tribunal gave due weight to the documentary evidence and the factual matrix presented by the assessee, rejecting the AO's conjectural approach.

Conclusion: The Tribunal upheld the deletion of the addition of Rs. 1,27,35,801/- on account of unexplained cash credit under section 68, affirming that the short-term capital loss was genuine and not a sham transaction.

Issue 2: Addition of Rs. 1,27,358/- as Unexplained Expenditure under Section 69C

Relevant Legal Framework: Section 69C deals with unexplained expenditure. If the assessee incurs any expenditure and fails to explain the source of such expenditure, the amount is added to income. The section is often invoked where expenditure is linked to alleged accommodation entries or bogus transactions.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The addition under section 69C was made on an estimate basis by the AO as commission paid for arranging the alleged artificial capital loss transactions. Since the Tribunal upheld the genuineness of the underlying share transactions and deleted the addition under section 68, the consequential addition under section 69C also fell away.

Key Evidence and Findings: The commission addition was directly linked to the disallowed capital loss transactions. No separate evidence was presented to justify this addition independently.

Application of Law to Facts: The deletion of the primary addition under section 68 negated the basis for the section 69C addition.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Revenue did not produce any independent evidence to sustain the section 69C addition once the section 68 addition was deleted.

Conclusion: The Tribunal dismissed the addition under section 69C of Rs. 1,27,358/- as consequential to the deletion of the primary addition.

Issue 3: Reliance on Investigation Reports and Statements of Promoters/Intermediaries

Relevant Legal Framework: The principle that adverse inferences or additions cannot be made solely on the basis of third-party statements or investigation reports without corroborative evidence against the assessee is well established. The burden of proof lies on the Revenue to establish the transaction as bogus or manipulated.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Tribunal noted that the AO's reliance on the investigation wing's reports and statements of promoters and intermediaries was not supported by any direct evidence implicating the assessee. The promoter's statement was carefully analyzed and found not to amount to a confession of manipulation. The Tribunal emphasized that the AO's conclusion was based on assumptions and conjectures rather than concrete evidence.

Key Evidence and Findings: Absence of any direct statement or evidence against the assessee; promoter's statement indicating limited exposure and inability to explain price movements; lack of any specific material brought on record by the AO to implicate the assessee.

Application of Law to Facts: The Tribunal held that the AO's approach was legally unsustainable as it did not meet the standard of proof required to treat the transactions as bogus or accommodation entries.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The AO's reliance on indirect and uncorroborated material was rejected in favor of the assessee's documentary evidence.

Conclusion: The Tribunal rejected the AO's findings based on investigation reports and third-party statements, holding that these did not justify the additions made.

Significant Holdings

"The assessee has submitted sufficient information before the AO which was once again submitted during the course of appellate proceedings. The assessee transacted in the purchases and sales of above scrips through one of its SEBI registered stock brokers by name Alacrity Securities Ltd and payments were made through banking channels. The assessee's broker transacted the above purchases and sales in Bombay Stock Exchange and STT was paid. The assessee also submitted Form 10DB and payments were subsequently transferred by Stock Exchange to broker and broker to the assessee."

"I have gone through the promoters' statements available at pg. no. 22 of assessment order but the promoter never confessed any such thing about that. He simply replied that 'I can offer no explanation to such behaviour in the stock price. My exposure to the scrip was very limited and I am hereby, submitting the details.' The AO further states that he has relied on statement of some intermediaries. But, none of the intermediaries who purported to be involved in accommodation entries have given any categorical statement with regard to manipulation of the stock prices."

"The stock movement is very much commensurating with the performance of the company and it has decreased from Rs. 106 to Rs. 33.79 which is only decrease of about 02 times which is quite common in the stock market and is not very unusual fall."

"In the stock market, purchasers and sellers are totally unknown to each other and it was only handled by the brokers through Bombay Stock Exchange. Therefore, there is no scope for any manipulation and the AO has also not brought any specific adverse material against the assessee to prove that the stocks are manipulated. Accordingly, the AO's addition is not justified."

"Reliance placed by the ld. Assessing Officer on the report of investigation wing without further corroboration based on cogent material does not justify the conclusion that the impugned transaction is bogus, sham and part of racket of accommodation entries. It does not prove that the assessee has carried out the impugned transactions of purchase and sale of shares in connivance with the people who were involved in the alleged rigging of share prices."

"Once the assessee has produced documentary evidence to establish the veracity of his claim, the burden would shift on the Revenue to establish its case."

"Considering the totality of facts and circumstances of the case, factual matrix and submissions of parties narrated as well as detailed factual findings arrived at by ld. CIT(A), we have no reason to interfere with the first appellate order whereby addition made towards short term capital loss on the share transactions of two scrips viz. Neha International and VAS Infrastructure which was set off from the short-term capital gains on other scrips. Accordingly, grounds taken by the revenue in this respect are dismissed."

"Addition made by the ld. Assessing Officer on estimate basis towards commission for arranging alleged artificial capital loss amounting to Rs. 1,27,358/- is consequential to the addition made towards short-term capital loss on the aforesaid two scrips. Since we have upheld the deletion of the said addition towards short-term capital loss on the aforesaid two scrips in terms of above stated observations and findings, this consequential addition also receives the same fate, affirming the finding of ld. CIT(A) to this effect. Accordingly, grounds taken by the revenue in this respect are dismissed."