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TMI Blog1971 (3) TMI 122X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... r the Punjab Control of Brick Supply Order 1956. It installed a brick kiln on the land which it took on lease from the Gram Panchayat of village Chhapra Tehsil and District Ambala for production of bricks at the rate of 15000 bricks per year. It is averred that the petitioner-firm is neither a mining lessee not has entered into any agreement with the Government in that regard nor does it hold any short term permit under the Punjab Minor Minerals Concession Rules, 1964, (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). The District Industries Officer Ambala, however, issued a demand notice vide Annexure 'A' demanding ₹ 4152.86 P. as royalty from the petitioner-firm on pain of issuing warrants of arrest and attachment in default of payment. This demand notice is impugned by way of writ petition and has been challenged as null and void and the constitutionality of the various provisions of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957, (hereinafter called as the Act) and the validity of the notifications and the rules framed thereunder have been assailed on a variety of grounds which would be noticed in detail hereafter. 3. In the return filed on behalf of the respo ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... pending writ petitions on a similar point it was deemed fit that the matter be decided by a larger Bench. That is how these writ petitions are before us. 6. Ere I consider the main point at issue between the parties I deem it best to clear the ground of a contention, which though in the beginning was in the fore-front of the argument on behalf of the petitioners, it subsequently was relegated entirely to the background and to insignificance. The relevant part of the impugned notification are published in the gazette read as under:-- "G. S. R. 436--In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (e) of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), the Central Government hereby declares the following minerals to be minor minerals namely:-- "boulder, shingle, Chalcedony pebbles used for ball mill purpose only, lime shell, kankar and lime stone used for lime burning, murrum brick earth, fuller's earth, bentonite road metal, reh-matti, slate and shale when used for building material." Taking advantage of a, between the words "murrum" and "brick-earth", an argument was sought to be raised that when the notification was ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 39;s earth, Bentonite, ordinary clay, ordinary sand, road metal, reh-matti, slate and shale when used for building material." An examination of the relevant portion of the above shows that the a comma existed between the word "murrum" and "brick-earth". A comparison of the notification G. S. R. 436 and the above-quoted R. 3 (ii) would show that the latter notification merely adopted and substantially copied the above-said provision in the Rules without any significant change. It is of equal significance that the provisions of Rule 3(ii) above-said of the Rules continued to be of validity till the time of its substitution by the impugned notification of 1958. There is, therefore, substance in the contention of the learned counsel for the respondents that the Legislature in issuing the latter notification was not making any policy decision nor making any substantial change in the prior provisions regarding minor minerals and the absence of the comma between the words "murrum" and "brick-earth" was in fact no more than a printer's devil. The omission was characterised as entirely accidental. That this was so is further evident from the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ioners that the notification applied to a peculiar substance known as "murrum brick earth" and not to ordinary "brick earth" is wholly untenable and seems to be no more than a mere quibble over a comma, the absence whereof the impugned notification seems to be no more then a error of omission on the part of the printers. 12. I now come to the crucial issue which falls for determination in the present case regarding which the parties are arrayed on opposite sides and on which they have expressly invited a decision on merits. The broad argument on behalf of the petitioners on this main issue runs thus. The power of Parliament to legislate in connection with mines and minerals is governed by Entry 54, List 1 in the Seventh Schedule which is in the following terms:-- "Entry 54 Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest." It is argued that neither in the Constitution nor in the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957, (hereinafter referred to as the Act) has the word 'mineral' ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ll said in Glasgow v. Farie, (1888) 13 AC 657, look at the object which the Legislature had in view." Again Lord Loreburn in The Caledonian Rly. Co. v. The Glenboig Union Fireclay Co., 1911 AC 290,-held as follows:- "My Lords, the principle of the decision in this House in the Budhill and Carpalla cases (1910 AC 116 and 1910 AC 83) seems to me to have been this; the Court has to find what the parties must be taken to have brought and sold respectively, remembering that no definition of 'minerals' is attainable, the variety of meanings which the use of the word 'minerals' admits of being itself the source of all the difficulty." It is unnecessary to multiply further English authorities as the view above said seems to have been consistently adhered to in the highest English Court. 14. An identical view has received ready acceptance in the American Courts as well. The Supreme Court of North Dakota in Adams County v. Smith, 23 NWR, (2nd Series) 873(ND) on a consideration of the case law observed as follows:-- "These cases disclose that the word 'mineral' is not a definite term susceptible to a rigid definition applicable in all instances ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... and the variety of meanings of which it admits is the source of all the difficulty in the attempt to frame any general definition." 15. Nearer home Chief Justice Wanchoo speaking for the Bench in Bhoor Chand v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1957 Raj 213, after an exhaustive discussion as to the meaning which may be attributed to the word "mineral" had this to say:-- "The conclusion at which we have therefore, arrived is that the term 'mineral' is not as inflexible in its meaning as one ought at first sight suppose and is not necessarily connected with a mine, although it ordinarily is, and its precise meaning in a given case will have to be fixed with reference to the particular context, and in relation to the surrounding circumstances of the particular case." 16. It is in this context of the nebulousness and the ambiguity of the word "mineral" that the validity or otherwise of the impugned legislation has to be viewed. Did Parliament transcend the bounds of constitutionality and the limits of its own powers in specifying the substances which were to fall in the category of "minor mineral" and to which consequently the legislation w ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... s a common English word which has always been judicially construed in a wide amplitude. I find no warrant for reducing its larger import to the limited confines of a chemical formula. We had repeatedly invited the counsel for the petitioners to cite any authority wherein the word "Mineral" has been circumscribed by a precise scientific definition which he had canvassed. Learned counsel had to fairly concede that in no precedent such a definition or limitation has even been attempted. In fact the unanimous view of authoritative pronouncement on the point would show the large and the unconfined sense in which the word "mineral" has always been accepted and used. I would hence advert briefly to the leading English and American cases on the point in their chronological sequence. As early as 1867 Lord Romilly in Midland Railway Co. v. Checkley, (1867) 4 Eq 19, observed:-- "Upon the first point I think there is no question. Stone is, in my opinion, clearly a mineral, and in fact everything except the mere surface, which is used for agricultural purposes; anything beyond that which is useful for any purpose whatever, whether it is gravel, marble, fire-clay, or th ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... tum of Justice Brown of the United States Supreme Court in Supreme Court Reports (1903) 47 Law Ed. 575: "The word 'mineral' is used in so many senses, dependent, upon the context, that the ordinary definitions of the dictionary throw but little light upon its signification in a given case." Only as an illustration of the truth of this view I may refer to only one of the numerous meanings given to the word "mineral" in Webster's New International Dictionary which is as follows:-- "Anything which is neither animal nor vegetable, as in the old general classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vegetable, and mineral)." Again in the Random House Dictionary of the English language, one of the meanings given is as follows:-- "Any substance that is neither animal nor vegetable." A reference to the other works which were relied upon on behalf of the petitioners yields also a similar result, I am hence of the opinion that a detailed perusal of these dictionaries, whether scientific or otherwise on this point is wasteful because a reference to them only reiterates the wide divergence of meanings attributable to the word &qu ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... t the well-known mixture being in the eye of law a mineral. Putting that evidence, therefore, on one side, I say the china clay appears to me, in the ordinary acceptation of the word, to be typically a mineral." Agreeing with the above Lord Justice Fairwell briefly stated as follows:-- "* * *, and I agree with Fletcher Moulton L. J.'s observations as to the inapplicability both by reason of inadmissibility and irrelevancy, of the greater part of the expert evidence here given." It is noteworthy that the decision above-said was affirmed by the House of Lords on appeal in 1910 AC 83. 23. Assuming, however, for a moment's sake that the expert testimony is either admissible or relevant, I find the same to be of no aid whatsoever in either construing the precise meaning to be attributed to the word "mineral" or on the point whether brick-earth would come within that ambit. This is evident from the fact that the learned counsel on either side vied with each other to rely on the testimony of the expert produced by the other side for supporting the argument advanced by each one of them. Professor A. G. Jhingran, who was examined on behalf of the petitio ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... lly fortunate that the construction of Parliamentary statutes is to be on a firmer foundation than the shifting sands of the varying and conflicting opinions of the supposed scientific experts. 24. For the foregoing reasons I find myself unable to accept the narrow, technical and the supposedly scientific limitation suggested by the learned counsel for the petitioners to constrict the meaning of the word "mineral". 25. An argument which had also been faintly pressed before us was that in its ordinary popular meaning the word "mineral" would not include brick-earth within its ambit. It is first to be kept in mind that herein we are not construing a private deed or grant or a contract but a statutory provision. Therefore the short answer to the above argument is that in the present case we are construing statutory legislation and the words and language used therein have to be taken in their legal acceptation. This is too settled a canon of interpretation to be deviated from Lord Macnaghten in the Commr. for Special Purposes of the Income Tax v. John Frederick Pemsel, 1891 AC 531, had laid down as follows:-- "In construing Acts of Parliament, it is a genera ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... to legislate only regarding minerals, therefore Section 3(e) was ultra vires of the Constitution. It was suggested as a necessary corollary that as these four substances were not minerals, therefore, they cannot also be declared to be "minor minerals" by the impugned section. 27. Examining the first limb of the above argument it appears to me that the contention that Parliament does not have the power to specify or declare the "minerals" or "minor minerals" to which the 1957 Act was to be made applicable despite the wide language of Entry 54 has a touch of pedantry about it. It betrays a kind of doctrinaire approach to the legislative entries which has been repeatedly deprecated by the Supreme Court & in Navinchandra Mafatlal v. Commr. of Income Tax, Bombay City, AIR 1955 SC 58, it has been laid down as follows in this context:-- "As pointed out by Gwyer C. J. in "United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqua Begum', AIR 1941 FC 16 at p 25 none of the items in the Lists is to be read in a narrow or restricted sense and that each general word should be held to extend to all ancillary or subsidiary matters which can fairly and reasonably be said to be c ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... rd "mineral". The present argument on behalf of the petitioners rests wholly on that tenuous foundation. All that now remains is to make the briefest reference to the leading cases out of the mass of case law in which the above-said substances have been judicially construed to fall within ambit of the word "mineral". Reference has already been made to the dictum of Lord Romilly as early as 1867 in Midland Railway Co.'s case, (1867) 4 Eq 19, wherein he categorically held that stone was clearly a mineral and every species thereof, e.g. gravel marble, fire-clay, limestone or ironstone or the like came within the ambit of that word. This view does not seem to have been departed from in the subsequent cases and in fact has found a ready acceptance in the American Courts. In U. S. S. C. R., (1903) 47 L Ed 575, United States Supreme Court held that granite recovered from quarries was a mineral and as such granite quarries were covered by the word "mineral lands." 30. As regards sand and gravel again Lord Romilly in Earl Cowley v. Wellesley, (1866) 1 Eq 656, laid down as follows:-- "The whole of the gravel or sand on the waste land must be treated a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... to the Central Government. 34. I have on a detailed consideration held above that common substances like building stone, gravel, ordinary sand and ordinary clays are well within the scope of the word "mineral". Admittedly the above four said substances do not satisfy the acid test of a fixed chemical composition or definite physical properties such as an unvarying melting point, boiling point, freezing point, density, specific gravity, refractive index etc., which have been advocated on behalf of the petitioners. Once that is so one fails to see "why brick-earth" cannot fall within the ambit of the word "Minerals". It is worthy of note that Prof. A. G. Jhingran, produced on behalf of the petitioners himself opined as follows:-- "As scientists we say bricks are made from clays and not earth. Earth is a very loose term. It has no scientific meaning........... Earth contains clays to make bricks. The term "brick-earth" will only be used when that particular earth can make bricks." 35. Again it was conceded before us by the learned counsel for the petitioners that every type of earth is not suitable for brick making. Admittedly if th ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... on behalf of the petitioners before us which stand adequately distinguished therein, the Bench repelled all attacks on the constitutionality of notification "No. G.S.R. 436, which is being assailed before us and observed:-- "My conclusion is that brick-earth is a mineral and its inclusion in the definition of 'minor minerals' as given in that Act of 1957 (Mines and Minerals Regulation & Development) Act is not ultra vires the Constitution, Seventh Schedule." I wish to say no more that I am in agreement with the principle and the reasoning enunciated in the above-said case. 42. Two authorities on which heavy reliance was sought to be placed on behalf of the petitioners are clearly distinguishable. State of West Bengal v. Jagadamba Prasad Singh, AIR 1969 Cal 281, was confined to a very narrow issue as was noticed in the following terms by the Bench itself:-- "However, as stated above, we are by agreement of parties called upon to deal with one point only, namely as to whether Rule 17(1)(i) read with the relevant entry in Schedule 1 is ultra vires or not. If his point succeeds this appeal will succeed, but all other points will be kept open. We now proc ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ised the Central Government to provide for regulating, prohibiting the production, supply and distribution and the trade and commerce in any essential commodities by an executive order was assailed as ultra vires on the ground of excessive delegation. Section 4 of the above said Act was also assailed, on the identical ground because it further empowered the Central Government to delegate the above said power to an officer or authority subordinate to the Central Government or to a State Government or its subordinate. This challenge was repelled and both Sections 3 and 4, were upheld as valid. It was observed first as follows in regard to Section 3, above said:-- "As already pointed out, the preamble and the body of the sections sufficiently formulate the legislative policy and the ambit and character of the Act is such that the details of the policy can only be worked out by delegating them to a subordinate authority within the framework of that policy." Similarly whilst upholding the vires of Section 4, aforesaid which authorizes the delegate to further delegate its power to its subordinates the Supreme Court, approvingly referred to the observations of the Privy Counci ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ations issued by the Central Government under this Act shall be laid for not less than thirty days before each House of Parliament as soon as may be after they are made or issued and shall be subject to such modifications, as Parliament may make during the session in which they are so laid or the session immediately following." On the basis of this provision it is argued that the impugned notification and the rules framed under the Act have received the sanction of Parliament by having been placed before each House thereof. In this context the following observations in D. S. Garewal's case are rightly relied upon. "At the same time Parliament took care to see that these rules were laid on the table of Parliament for fourteen days before they were to come into force and they were subject to modification, whether by way of repeal or amendment on a motion made by Parliament during the session in which they are so laid. This makes it perfectly clear that Parliament has in no way abdicated its authority, but is keeping strict vigilance and control over its delegate. Therefore, reading Section 4 along with Section 3(2) of the Act it cannot be said in the special circumsta ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... als (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957. Reference in this context may be made to the definition of the word "mines" in Section 3(f) of the Indian Mines Act, 1923- " 'Mine' means any excavation where any operation for the purpose of searching for or obtaining minerals has been or is being carried on, and includes all works, machinery, tramways and sidings, whether above or below ground, in or adjacent to or belonging to a mine. Provided........" The Indian Mines Act, 1952, which repealed and substituted the Act of 1923 gave even a more extended meaning to the word "mine" in Section 2(j) with its sub-clauses. A Division Bench of Calcutta High Court in Keshardeo Goenka v. Emperor, AIR 1934 Cal 387, whilst construing the word "mine" and making a reference to the leading English authorities which have already been referred to, observed as follows:-- "The term 'mine' is not a definite term, but is susceptible of limitation or expansion according to the intention in which it is used and its primary signification can always be enlarged if that is the intention of the contracting parties or the legislature." 49. In the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ed till they were supplanted by the 1960 Rules is undisputed. Rule 3(ii) of the 1949 Rules was as follows:-- "3 (ii). 'Minor mineral' means building stone, boulder, shingle, gravel, lime shell, kankar, and limestone used for lime burning, murrum, brick-earth, fuller earth, bentonite, ordinary clay, ordinary sand, road metal, rehmatti, slate and shale when used for building material." From the above provision, it is evident that from the year 1949 onwards other things apart building stone, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand and brick-earth were within the ambit of "minor minerals" under the existing statute and the rules validly framed thereunder. 51. Then came the present Mines and Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957, which was enacted in view of the differentiation made in the petroleum and other minerals in Entries 53 and 54 of List I. At this very stage it is worthy of notice that this statute does not repeal the earlier Act of 1948, but deals with minerals only whilst minerals oils are continued to be dealt with by 1948 Act by virtue of the amendments made therein by Section 32 read with the Third Schedule to this Act. The present Act ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ood the word "mineral" in its largest signification. Other things apart, brick-earth expressly, as also building stone, gravel, ordinary sand and ordinary clay were deemed well within the ambit of minor minerals by virtue of Rule 3(ii) of the 1949 Rules. The Parliament did not provide any comprehensive definition of the word "mineral" in the 1957 Act. There is nothing to indicate that any construction of its larger import was intended. Thus Parliament in enacting the 1957 Act expressly continued and adopted the meaning of the word "mineral" in its earlier legal acceptation. It is in this context that the following observations of the Division Bench in AIR 1965 Pat 491, directly deserve to be recalled:-- "The two relevant items in the two Lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution do not appear to have kept any mineral out of the legislative competency of the Legislatures. It cannot be argued that at the time when the Constitution was made in 1950, brick-earth was not considered to be a mineral in the legislative field. In the Mineral Concession Rules, 1949, the definition of minor minerals included brick-earth. The Constitution makers shou ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... est power for framing rules in regard thereto have been entrusted to the State Government and this obviously would include the levy of royalty in respect of the prospecting licenses and mining leases granted for their exploitation. The identical argument raised before us was repelled in the following terms in the Laddu Mal's case, AIR 1965 Pat 491:-- "* * * If the Parliament would have wanted really to exclude minor minerals from payment of royalty, it would have so expressed in Section 9, which specifically provides for payment of royalties on all minerals. The exclusion of Sections 4 to 13 as mentioned in Section 14, in respect of minor minerals appears to be for the sole purposes of conferring all such powers, as covered by those sections, on the State Government, in respect of minor minerals." The above observations have been approved by a Division Bench of this Court in Dr. Shanti Saroop v. State of Punjab, ILR (1969) 1 Punj & Har 680=(AIR 1969 Punj & Har 79). 53. Though, I have held against the petitioners on the point of vires of the impugned provisions and the power to levy royalty, learned counsel for the petitioners, however, seems to be on a firm and una ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... . J. N. Kaushal, however, on behalf of the respondents forcefully contended that the respondent-State cannot be pinned down to the evidence of the wajib-ul-arz only and would lead evidence to rebut the presumption, if any, which may arise in favour of the other party. Relying on Section 42(3) of the Land Revenue Act, it was rightly contended that the presumption created by the record-of-rights under sub-clause (2) is a rebutting one and sub-clause (3) itself provides for the mode for rebutting the same. Learned counsel hotly disputed the claim and the title of the petitioners to the "minor minerals" in the estate. 55A. It was further submitted that after the concession noticed above the point was no longer in issue and learned counsel did not argue the same. 56. In view of the fact that the position taken up by the parties discloses an intricate dispute on facts in regard to the title and claim to the "minor minerals" and in view of the concession already noticed above, the point is hardly in issue and also because we do not have the benefit of an argument on behalf of the respondent I do not feel called upon to pronounce on this contention raised on behalf of ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... t which would warrant such a procedure. In the authority relied upon on behalf of the petitioners, reliance is sought to be placed on three judgments to which reference is made hereafter. However, on a perusal of these authorities I am unable to find in them any basis for the kind of the peculiar relief repeatedly sought for on behalf of the petitioners. It is worthy of notice that in AIR 1969 Punj & Har 79, the writ petitions were wholly dismissed without any further direction. It was observed as follows:-- The question with regard to the ownership rights of minor minerals in the lands occupied by the petitioners is a disputed question fact. Apart from the fact that no sufficient material has been placed before us to enable us to decide that question, this Court is not the proper forum for going into such questions in exercise of its jurisdiction under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution." Similarly in Khushal Singh v. State of Punjab, ILR (1966) 1 Punj 166, the Bench laid down as follows:-- "(iii) that any dispute between the parties as to correctness or otherwise of this or any other wajib-ul-arz or other Revenue record or any disputed question of title should ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ick earth is an aggregate of minerals. But it cannot be said that brick earth is a mineral............ Question: Is it correct that the properties of a chemical compound can never vary? Answer: Yes. Question: A chemical compound must have definite physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, freezing point, density, specific gravity, refractive index, water absorption per 100 gms., and its constituent elements are definite and indefinite properties throughout the world. It must have a crystalline form of many types. What have you to say? Answer: Yes, it is true........ The specific gravity of brick earth will not be uniform throughout. It will change. Brick-earth has no refractive index. Brick-earth has no crystal form." 60. The next expert produced by the petitioner, P.W. 1 Professor A. G. Jhingran stated:-- Earth by itself is not a mineral.......... Mineral is an inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition, sometimes variable within a definite range. It has definite physical properties and internal structure which is revealed through X-ray. Ordinarily, earth from which bricks are made cannot be called a mineral. It cannot be called a mineral b ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ion of mines and mineral development. There has to be a mineral about which legislation can be made under either of the two entries. 63. The object of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957, is to regulate the exploitation of minerals. When bricks are made, no mineral is being exploited. The resultant product is a brick and it is also not a mineral. It is well known that bricks are made from the top soil, i.e., agricultural soil where crops are grown. This soil is dug to a maximum depth of four or five feet and out of this bricks are made. The soil has minor contents of a variety of minerals, but no mineral as such is extracted from the soil. I find it difficult to come to the conclusion that brick-earth is a mineral merely because certain decided cases have taken the view that brick-earth is a mineral. 64. For these reasons, I have not been able to reconcile myself with the view taken by me learned brother that brick-earth is a mineral. 65. I am also not prepared to agree with my learned brother that the question whether the brick-earth in the present cases vests in the Government should be left open. As a last resort, Mr. Jagan Nath Kaushal, learned Advoca ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... lished his rights to the minor mineral in question. Ground (p) of the petition is denied. The matter has already been set at rest by this Hon'ble High Court in Civil Writ No. 2198 of 1966. 67. It will be clear from the pleadings that no evidence is indicated by which the State proposes to rebut the entry in the Wajib-ul-arz. In fact, the State has taken its stand on the interpretation of the Wajib-ul-arz. It will not be out of place to mention that the lands in question are owned by private individuals and the manufacturers of bricks take those lands on lease from them to extract earth for the purpose and after they have exhausted the earth the lands go back to the owners. Therefore, in the ultimate analysis, the entire case hinges on the interpretation of the Wajib-ul-arz. The Wajib-ul-arz in all these cases are in identical terms and reference need only be made to the Wajib-ul-arz of Mauza Chhapra, Had Bast No. 112, prepared in the Settlement of 1917-18:-- Sr. No. Heading of the Para Contents of the Para 1. Rights of the Government in respect of ownership of Nazul or jungles, unclaimed or unpossessed or abandoned or ghair abad land or quarries of stone or ruins or old buil ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
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