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TMI Blog1970 (9) TMI 108X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... herefore sections 5 and 7(2) were held contravene Article 14 of the Constitution and therefore void under Article 13(2) thereof in Rajendra Prasad Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1968 Calcutta 560(2) and in Hukam Chand . S.D v. Arya, Civil Reference No. 1 of 1968 decided on 29.5.1968 by a Division Bench of this Court (I.D. Dua C.J. and V.S. Deshpande J.) respectively. Section 7(1) which provides a similar summary procedure to the Government for the recovery of rent is open pracisely to the same Constitutional objection. As sections 5 and 7 constituted the crucial provisions of the Principal Act, the rest of the provisions of the Act may not be able to survive the invalidity of sections 5 and 7. The whole of the Principal Act may, therefore, be assumed to be void under Article 13(2) for the purpose of these cases. ( 3. ) The only vice of the Principal Act was that it did not expressly bar the Government from taking recourse to the civil Court for recovery of possession, rent or damages for use and occupation. Parliament stepped in to cure the unconstitutionality of the Principal Act by enacting the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Act, 1968 (hereinafter ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ) Let us first examine the first aspect of the question touching the substance of the matter. It involves a correct understanding of the meaning of Article 13. The first two clauses of Article 13 read as follows: - (1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in-so-far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void. (2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to. the extent of the contravention, be void' . It would be seen that Article 13 itself does not expressly repeal any particular statute. The Legislature has thus not given to Article 13 the force of a repealing statute. It is the exclusive function of the Legislature to repeal a statute. Since the Legislature has not repealed the Principal Act and since Article 13 does not have the effect of repealing the Principal Act, it must be considered to continue to exist on the statute book as an unrepealed statute ( 8. ) The true nature of Article 13 is to declare that a law contrary to ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ing to the decision of a Court a statute or a part of it is inconsistent with the Constituition including Part ill thereof, then the meaning of such a statute is that it is inconsistent with the Constitution and is, therefore, unconstitutional. This meaning is to be found only in a judicial decision. It will not be found in the statute book. Indeed, the whole concept of the unconstitutionality of a statute is the product of judicial decisions. It can exist only when the Courts are given by a particular Constitution, as is done by the Constitution of India, the power to construe the meaning of a statute vis-a-vis the Constitution and to declare if the statute or any part of it is unconstitutional, being inconsistent with a Constitution. Such a concept has no place when a Constitution does not empower the Courts with such a power, as for instance, in the United Kingdom. ( 10. ) This view of the nature of the unconstitutionality attaching to a statute under Article 13 is borne out by the relevant Supreme Court decisions. Prima fade, the object of both the clauses(l) and (2) of Article 13 is the same, namely, to enable the Courts to declare a statute void if the Court is of the view ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... endra Lal Jaini v. The State of U.P. (1963) Supp.l SCR 912(7) at page 939 in the following words: The meaning of the word void for all practical purposes is the same in Article 13(1) as in Article 13(2), namely, that the laws which were void were ineffectual and nugatory and devoid of any legal force or binding effect . It is to be noted that Wanchoo J. used precisely the same words to describe the nature of a void statute under both the clauses of Article 13 as were used in the previous decisions of the Supreme Court in Keshavan Madhava Menon's case and in Bhikaji Narain Dhakra's case. The language used in describing the nature of void statute in the majority decisions in Behram Khurshed Pesikaka's and Deep Chand's cases was scrupulously avoided. The Court thus seems to have preferred the former to the latter. ( 14. ) Thus the decision in Mahendra Lal Jaini's case as to the nature of a statute becoming void under Article 13 confirms the view that the statute itself continues to exist on the statute book but has become ineffectual, nugatory and devoid of any legal force or binding effect . The thrust of these words is that such a law cannot be given ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... all as they come into conflict with the fundamental rights immediately they were enacted. Both of them therefore exist on the statute book. While the preconstitution statutes continue to be enforceable till the commencement of the Constitution, the post-Constitution statutes become unenforceable immediately on their enactment. The crux of the Supreme Court's view appears to consist in the words 'could not continue to exist . It is the continuance of the existence, i.e., operativeness or the enforceability and not the existence itself on the statute book which is denied to the postconstitution laws which become void under Article 13(2) of the Constitution. ( 16. ) The word void is also used in Article 254(1) of the Constitution apparently with the same meaning. In Deep Cliand's case at pages 49 and 50: Article 13(1) was said to be in pari matei'ia with Article 254(1). In respect of the meaning of the word void Article 13(2) may also be said to be in pcri materia with Article 254(1) specially because the State law thereunder becomes void if repugnant to a law made by Parliament whether (the Parliamentary law is) passed before or after the law made by the State ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... of repealing the Principal Act though such repeal can by effected only by the Legislature and not by a Court decision. Again, whether the Principal Act should be revived by reenactment or by an amendment or by the passing of an independent statute is for the Legislature to decide. But the petitioners seek a judicial decision holding that the Legislature must follow the method of re-enactment and cannot follow the method of amendment. The distinction which the petitioners ignore is that there are two distinct purposes and view-points for which the laws void under Article 13 are to be regarded by the Courts on the one hand and by the Legislature on the other. Briefly, these laws are ignored by the Courts as nonexistent in law in deciding the rights of the parties but are taken note of by Parliament as being on the statute book for the purpose of validating and other legislation. ( 19. ) Talking in terms of known legal categories, the effect of Article 13(1) on a pre-Constitution law is similar to that of an implied repeal. The effect of Article 13(2) on a post-Constitution law is to make it ultra vires to the extent it is inconsistent with fundamental rights. In either case the e ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Constitution or the statute concerned or by enacting a separate statute altogether has never been doubted. Even a reversal of a previous decision holding a statute to be inconsistent with the Constitution would have the same effect of curing the unconstitutionality of the statute. This is the established law not only in India but in other countries following the British system of jurisprudence. ( 21. ) Prof . Willoughby in 'The Constitutional Law of the United States 2nd Edition, Vol. 1, page 10 expresses the view that a statute is not annulled or repealed by a court decision. He says.- The doctrine that the judicial declaration of the unconstitutionality of a statute has not the effect of a veto or nullification or abrogation of the statute so as, in effect to strike it from the statute books, is excellently stated by the court of West Virginia in Shephard v. Wheeling (30 W. Va 479) . ( 22. ) The court says'.- (The court) does not annual or repeal the statute if it finds it in confict with the Constitution. It simply refuses to recognise it, and determines the rights of the parties just as if such stature had no application. The court may give its reasons for ig ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... earlier judgment, the statute will stand in full force and effect because it has never, legally, been repealed. A similar view was taken in Ulster Transport Authority v. James Brown Sons ltd., (1953) Northern Ireland Reports 79. There, construing section 5(1) of the Act of 1920 which enacts that any law made in contravention of the restrictions imposed by this subsection shall so far as it contravenes these restrictions. be void , Lord MaeDermott L.C. J. observed: I am not aware of any authority for the view that language such as this necessarily means that contravention must produce an actual gap in the statute book in the sense that the measure concerned, or some specific part thereof, simply drops out of the authorized text. ( 24. ) Commenting on a portion of the above view of Prof. Willoughby, Mahajan C.J. observed in Behram Khurshed Pesikaka v. The State of Bombay, at pages 654-55 that in view of Articles 13 and 141 of the Constitution there was no scope in India for the application of the American doctrine enunciated by Prof. Willoughby. It is true that as distinguished from a High Court decision which is effective only between . the parties and as a preceden ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... wing were adopted in Mahendra Lal Jaini's case, namely, ineffectual, nugatory, having no legal force or binding effect. ( 27. ) From the above discussion it is clear that the declaration of a statute as void under Article 13(2) by a court has two entirely distinct aspects. So far as the courts are concerned, such a statute is un-enforceable. The courts would therefore ignore it. The courts would decide cases between private parties on ' the basis that such a statute has no binding force. But so far as the Legislature is concerned such a statute is very much in existence. It has not been repealed. It is therefore on the statute book. The Legislature is therefore bound to take notice of it as also of the view expressed by the court regarding its inconsistency with the fundamental rights. The Legislature is therefore entitled to pass fresh legislation with a view to remove the vice of unconstitutionality from such a statute and to make it valid. ( 28. ) It is not the scheme of the Constitution that the Legislature only enacts a statute but has no further concern with it. The repeal of a statute is not left to be brought about by a judicial decision. When court is said ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... l be a law on the statute book and thus in existence for the purpose of parliamentary legislation. This is why in Scdasib Prakash Brahmchari v. The State of Orissa (1956) SCR 43, the Orissa Act No. 2 of 1952 which was only on the statute book but had not been brought into force by the necessary notification could be amended by subsequent State legislation even though on the date of the amendment it was not a law in force. For the purpose of the courts a law which had not been brought into force is no law at all and it does not exist. But for the purpose of Parliament such a law is on the statute book and therefore not only existed but is capable of being amended. ( 30. ) It is the same distinction between the purposes of the court and the purposes of the legislature which underlies some other decisions of the Supreme Court. Section 22 of the Madras Sales Tax Act which was a post Constitution addition by way of adaptation made after the commencement of the Constitution was unconstitutional due to inconsistency with Article 286 of the Constitution. But a subsequent legislation which removed the said inconsistency validated it, (M.P.V. Sunduraramier v. State of A.P. (1958) SCR 1422 ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... wer to create a single procedure out of two and not by a legislature which has not that power. ( 31. ) There is thus a clear distinction between express repeal of a statute made by legislation and an implied repeal of a statute brought to light by a judicial decision. An expressly repealed statute is truly non-existent as it has gone out of the statute book. The courts would of course ignore it in deciding the rights of the parties but even the Legislature would have to ignore it in undertaking further legislation. On the other hand, a statute declared unconstitutional due to its inconsistency with the Constitution only loses its binding force in litigation between the parties and is non-existent like an impliedly repealed statute only in deciding the rights of parties. But it very much exists on the statute book and may be either repealed or amended by the legislature. To illustrate the difference between the two further, it may be pointed out that the repeal of a statute revives under the common law a statute which has been repealed previously by the statute which is now repealed. Such a revival is however prevented by section 6 of the General Clauses Act. But the implied rep ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... s of this contention. Its origin may be traced in the following statement of Prof. Willoughby in Vol. I of his book (cited above) in paragraph 7 at page 11 which is as follows:- Effect of Subsequent Grant of Legislative Power. The validity of a statute is to be tested by the constitutional power of a legislature at the time of its enactment by that legislature and, if thus tested, it is beyond the legislative power, it is not rendered valid, without re-enactment, if later, by constitutional amendment, the necessary legislative power is granted. An after-acquired power cannot, ex proprio vigore, validate a statute void when enacted . ( 35. ) It is to be noted that only the last sentence An after-acquired power cannot, ex proprio vigora, validate a statute void when enacted is based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Newberry v. United. States (256 U.S. 232). The said decision was relied upon in Deep Chand's case for the proposition that a subsequent amendment of the Constitution did not revive a void statute. At page 24 of the report of Deep Chand's case, however, the whole of the passage from Willoughby is re-produced and contrasted with a subse ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... te was amended. Publication of revised statute books incorporating the amendments in the original statute and re-producing the statute in its amended form took time. Before the publication of the amended statute it was difficult to know if the original statute has been amended and if so where the ameridment could be found. Even in India we experience such a difficulty. This was why certain State Constitutiois in the United States made it compulsory that at each amendment the whole statute should be re-enacted. For instance, such a provision is contained in Article IV, section 24 of the Constitution of the State of California. In the absence of a constitutional provision of this character, however, as pointed out by the Supreme Court of California in Fletcher v. Prather, 102 Cal. 413-36 Pacific 658 (1894), a section of a statute might be and often was amended in one or more of four ways: 1. By striking out certain words; 2. By striking out certain words and inserting others: 3. By inserting certain words; and 4. By adding other provisions . ( 37. ) In Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction 3rd Edition by Horack in Vol. J, paragraphs 1903 and 1904, pages 328 to 337, ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 'the whole statute must be re-enacted at the time of the amendment. Consequently the amendment of an unconstitutional statute without its re-enactment is legal in India. The preamble of the Amending Act of 1968 refers to the long title of the Principal Act. This is sufficient to identify the statute which is being amended. After its identification the Amending Act has merely to be read side by side with the Principal Act and the meaning of the whole Act, as amended, becomes clear. For, the effect of the amendment is that the very words of the Amending Act are written into the body of the Principal Act and the new Act is the one which so stands amended. ( 41. ) In Allison v. Corker, Supreme Court of New Jersey, 1902, 67 N.J.L. 596-52 A. 362, 60 L.R.A. 564, it was observed as follows:- The argument is that an unconstitutional statute is a nullity. Granting this, it does not follow that it may not be imported into valid legislation by appropriate reference. It is entirely within the legislative power to give effect to documents without their full recital..... .The matter is one purely of identification. Surely nothing can be more definite than a reference to a document tha ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e a new Act then it must follow that it can amend a void Act. For, the power to amend is either a power to enact or a power to repeal. There can be no amendment which either does not repeal a part of the existing statute or does not add to it. Basically, it is the power to enact a statute which is possessed by the legislature. A repeal or an amendment is nothing different from enactment. The possession of the power to enact a new Act and to repeal a void Act therefore gives the Legislature the power to amend a void Act. ( 45. ) In Prithvi Cotton Mills Ltd. v. Broach Borough Municipality, AIR 1970 SC 192, the learned Chief Justice of India has made certain general observations regarding validation of statutes. In paragraph 4, his Lordship observed as follows:- When a legislature sets out to validate a tax declared by a Court to be illegally collected under ineffective or an invalid law, the cause for ineffectiveness or invalidity must be removed before validation can be said to take place effectively. ( 46. ) The amendment of a void statute which removes the cause of its unconstitutionality is therefore the proper course for the Legislature to adopt in dealing with an unc ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ourt is primarily one between the parties. Secondarily it is a precedent which is binding on the courts subordinate to the said High Court. It is not a binding precedent outside the territorial limits of the said High Court, Further, such a decision can be reversed by a larger Bench of the same High Court or by the Supreme Court. The very basis of the authority of a precedent is the principle of stare decisis. This principle can be invoked only when the precedent has a finality and a universal application. In both these respects the decision of a High Court is found wanting. Such a decision cannot therefore result in making the statute declared void by it to be unenforceable every where in India. It often happens that different High Courts take different views regarding the constitutionality of a statute. The Principal Act itself was held to be valid by the Special Bench of Calcutta High Court in Standard Literature Company v. Union of India AIR 1968 Calcutta l. Later the same High Court reversed the decision and declared section 5 of the Principal Act to be void in Rajendra Prasad Singh: v. Union of India. AIR 1968 Calcutta 560 . This illustrates the difficulty of regarding the de ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ion does not seem to have been invited to the fact that even a void Act could continue to be on the statute book and this position was established by the meaning given to the expression void by the Supreme Court in Mahendra Lal Jaini's case. It was further held that only an independent Act could revive the void Act and that the Amending Act was not an independent Act. In the minority judgment, however, the decisions in Deep Chand's and Mahendra Lal Jaini's cases were distinguished as being under Article 13(2) of the Constitution from Sham Rao's case which was a case of excessive delegation. According to the minority judgment, the Principal Act was clearly within the competence of the Pondicherry Legislature and there was nothing in the Constitution which prohibits the substitution of a defective law by a law which is not subject to any infirmity. The Amending Act effectively cured the defect in the Principal Act the whole of which was not void. It is the same Constitution Bench which was so divided that came to hear Devi Das's case. ( 52. ) The majority of the Court in Sham Rao's case had approved of an extreme contention that a void law could not be am ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... mendment) Act, 1952 by the following words:- In sub-section (1) of section 5 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948, after the word rates , the following words shall be inserted and shall be deemed always to have been so inserted, namely, 'not exceeding two pice in a rupee. ( 54. ) It was contended that even if the whole Act was not still-born, section 5 was non est. The Amending Act did not insert a new section 5 but purported to amend the earlier section 5 which was not in existence. This contention was apparently based on the decision in Sham Rao's case. But this contention was repelled in the following words:- No doubt in terms the section inserts the words not exceeding two pice in a rupee in section 5. If section 5 is inserted in the Act by the Amending Act with the said words added, there cannot possibly be any objection, for that would be an amendment of an existing Act. But in substance the amendment brings about the same effect. The words shall be deemed always to have been so inserted indicate that in substance section 5, as .amended, is inserted in the Act with retrospective effect. ( 55. ) Had the decision in Sham Rao's case be ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nstitution, declaring a monopoly in the State to hold cattle fairs and prohibiting all local authorities and individuals from holding cattle fairs at 'any place in the State'. There was no definition of the expression 'cattle fair' in the Act. The validity of the Act was challenged on the ground that the provisions of the Act were 'vague and ambiguous' and the High Court, in Mohinder Singh Sawhney v. State of Punjab AIR 1968 Punjab 391, accepted the contention. The State Legislature thereupon by Amendment Act 18 of 1968 introduced section 2(bb) defining the expression 'cattle fair' to mean a gathering of more than 25 persons for the purpose of general sale or purchase of cattle'. Fair Officers were appointed under section 4(1) of the Act and under section 4(2) they declared certain areas as fair areas. Some of the areas so declared belonged to a Municipal Committee in the State. The Municipal Committee, a lessee from the Municipal Committee and some residents in the State challenged the Act in the Supreme Court, inter alia, on the following ground: Since the Act was struck down in Mohinder Singh Sawhney's case, the Act ceased to have any ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... t has no power to declare that the Amending Act of 1968 is either void or ineffective in achieving its purpose. The Legislature was competent to enact it and clearly expressed its intention therein to insert the amendment in the Principal Act with a view to remove the vice of discrimination from the Principal Act. Just as the Legislature could read the Principal Act along with the Amending Act and by putting the two together remove the defect of unconstitutionality from the amended Act, the Courts also can construe the Amending Act in the same way. So construed, the Amending Act would be seen to achieve its purpose of curing the unconstitutionality of the Principal Act. There is no ground known to the Constitution which warrants this Court in holding that the Amending Act is either void or inefficacious. ( 63. ) Learned counsel for the petitioners urged that the amendment of section 5 of the Punjab General Sales Tax Act in Devi Das's case was retrospective and this had the effect of overruling the judicial decision which had invalidated section 5. The judicial decision had the effect of holding that section 5 was void ab initio from the inception. Therefore a validation of s ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nt of a Court properly constituted and rendered in exercise of its powers in a matter brought before it, shall be deemed to be ineffective and the interpretation of the law shall be otherwise then as declared by the Court . (See also Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad v. New Shorrock Sp. and W. Co. Ltd. AIR 1970 S.C. 1292). ( 65. ) These decisions make two things clear. Firstly, an unconstitutional Act or an unconstitutional part thereof can be amended by the Legislature. Secondly, the amendment, if retrospective, must not try to invalidate the judicial decision which had held the Principal Act to be unconstitutional. On the other hand, as was observed by the learned Chief Justice of India inPrithvi Cotton Mills' case a court's decision must always bind unless the conditions on which it is based are so fundamentally altered that the decision could not have been given in the altered circumstances . The retros- pective amendment therefore amends the statute in such a way as to alter the conditions on which the decision holding the statute unconstitutional was based. It will be seen therefore that it is not necessary for an amendment to be retrospective t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... g Act of 1968. We also know that the Act cures the Principal Act of its only vice of discrimination and reading the Amending Act as part of the Principal Act, the amended Act is free from any such vice and is thus fully constitutional. Since the Principal Act was on the Statute book. Parliament could read it. Parliament had two alternatives to adopt, of which it could have adopted any one. It could either repeal the Principal Act and re-enact it with the amendments incorporated into it as is done in certain American States according to their constitutional requirements. Alternatively, Parliament could merely insert the new amendments into the Principal Act as is universally practised in all the States in which there is no constitutional requirement that an amendment must be made by way of re-enactment only. India falls into the second group of States. The legislative practice in India is also the same, namely, to amend unconstitutional Acts (when the extent of amendment is small) and not to repeal and re-enact them unless amendment is extensive It is not for this Court to dictate to Parliament which of the above two methods it should adopt to cure the unconstitutionality of the Pri ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... evious application, demand examination. These questions are among the most difficult of those which have engaged the attention of courts, state and federal, and it is manifest from numerous decisions that an all-inclusive statement of a principle of absolute retroactive invalidity cannot be justi- (See Field, The Effect of an Unconstitutional Statute reviewed in 42 Yale Law Journal 779) ( 72. ) In Venkatarao Esajirao Limbukar v. The State of Bombay (1970) 1 SCR 317, the Supreme Court was considering the Hyderabad Act 21 of 1950 which was struck down by the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Inamiars of Sulhanagar v. Government of AndhraPradesh, AIR 1961 Andhra Pradesh 523, as void on the sole ground that it had not received the assent of the President as required by Article 31(3) of the Constitution. The Act, though void, was however amended by the Hyderabad Amending Act No. 3 of 1954 and by the Bombay Act No. 32 of 1958. Both the Amending Acts received the assent of the President. The Supreme Court therefore observed at page 321 as follows :- If the assent of the President has been accorded to the amending Acts, it would be difficult to hold that the President had never assente ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... net contravene any constitutional limitations. Nor can it be said that the Amending Act does not clearly express the intention of the Legislature to revive the Principal Act by the amendment. In view of the strong presumption of constitutionality of a statute which this Court is bound to respect, the Amending Act and the amended Act must both be regarded as valid. I find so. My answer to the second aspect of the question for decision, therefore, is that the Principal Act could be revived or validated by the Amending Act of 1968 and no further re-enactment of it was necessary. I would sum up my conclusions as follows :-- (1) A statute enacted by the Legislature can be repealed only by the Legislature. (2) Unless expressly repealed, the statute continues to be on the statute book to be rea '. by the Legislature and also by the Courts. (3) Article 13 does not itself repeal any statute. (4) The function of the Courts is only to construe a statute vis-a-vis the Constitution and give a judicial decision whether a statute or a part of it conflicts with the Constitution. (5) If the Court holds that a statute is inconsistent with the Constitution, the effect of the d ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ently lost his entitlement to occupy the Government premises in Delhi. Nevertheless, he is refusing to vacate the same. In CWP 322 of 1970, the petitioner retired from Government service in 1964 and is yet refusing to vacate the Government premises which he was entitled to occupy only till retirement. In CWP 439 of 1969, the leases of the petitioners were terminated in 1963 and yet they have so far defied all attempts of the Government to evict them. In CWP 967 of 1969, the petitioner, a Government servant, was transferred out of Delhi in 1968 but is refusing to vacate the Government premises. ( 77. ) I would therefore dismiss all these writ petitions with costs. ( 78. ) I have had the advantage of perusing the judgment prepared by my learned brother Deshpande. There is much in it that evokes admiration and compels assent. But there is also a great deal with which I cannot agree and must therefore express my dissent from the view taken by him. ( 79. ) The circumstances in which the above writ petition and the connected petitions (Civil Writ Nos 322 of 1970, 439 of 1969 and 967 of 1967) have been placed before this Full Bench are these : ( 80. ) The petitioners in each c ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... person is, or has at any time been, in unauthorized occupation of any public premises, the estate officer may, having regard to such principles of assessment of damages as may be prescribed, assess the damages on account of the use and occupation of such premises and may, by order, require that person to pay the damages within such time and in such instalments as may be specified in the order : Provided that no such order shall be made until after issue of a notice in writing to the person calling upon him to show cause within such time as may be specified in the notice why such order should not be made, and until his objections, if any, and any evidence he may produce in support of the same, have been considered by the estate officer. (3) If any person refuses or fails to pay the arrears of rent or any instalment thereof payable under sub-section (1) or the damages or any instalment thereof payable under sub-section (2) within the time specified in the order relating thereto, the estate officer may issue a certificate for the amount due to the Collector who shall proceed to recover the same as an arrear of land revenue. ( 81. ) The petitioners in these cases are persons ag ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... and Punjab. These decisions stood in the way of Government in taking speedy action even in flagrant cases of unauthorized occupation and the only way in which such persons could be evicted was by the ordinary process of law which often involved considerable delay. An attempt was, therefore, made to provide a speedy machinery and at the same time to comply with the requirements of the Constitution. The result was enactment of the Principal Act in 1958. Similar measures were also enacted by some of the State legislatures in respect of the premises belonging to State Governments. Of these, the Punjab Public Premises and Land (Eviction and Rent Recovery) Act, 1959 was one. It will thereafter be referred to as the Punjab Act. ( 85. ) By a majority decision in Northern India Caterers Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Punjab (1967) 3 S.C.R. (399) the Supreme Court held section 5 of the Punjab Act which is in terms identical with section 5 of the Principal Act, to be void on the ground that it enabled the Government to discriminate, contrary to Article 14 of the Constitution, between the occupiers of public premises by evicting some of them under the summary procedure laid down in section 5 while ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... f such rent, damages or costs. ( 87. ) It is true that uptill now sections 5 and 7(2) alone have been declared void. There is no decided case which has so far declared section 7(1) to be void. It is also true that so far the whole Act has not been declared void and the decisions holding sections 5 and 7(2) to be void arc also decisions of High Courts and not of the Supreme Court. Whatever decision of the Supreme Court there is on the subject, is with reference to section 5 of the Punjab Act and it is by a process of analogy and parity of reasoning that Parliament apprehending that sections 5 and 7 were in imminent danger of being struck down, set about finding ways and means of preventing the mischief. ( 88. ) My learned brother Deshpande says and I agree with him that the only vice of the Principal Act was that it did not expressly deprive the Government of its ordinary remedy of a suit for the recovery of rent, damages and possession from the occupants of public premises. It was possible to argue, therefore, that in some cases Government might use the summary procedure under sections 7(1), 7(2) and 5 to recover rent, damages for occupation and possession from the occupants ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... id. Their contention on the other hand is that section 7(1) was valid and the rest of the provisions of the Aet were necessary to give effect to the proceedings under section 7(1) and, therefore, the whole Act could not be held to. be void. The respondents further contend that the amendment of 1968 was sufficient to cure the vice of sections 5 and 7(2) with the result that the Act as it stood when action was taken against the petitioners was a valid piece of legislation and if the same vice affected section 7(1) then the amendment had removed that vice as well. The petitioners are being proceeded against under the Act as amended. The action taken against them is, therefore, under an Act which is immune from attack on any ground on which the Principal Act was being attacked. ( 92. ) In my opinion section 7(1) of the Principal Act was open to the same objection as sections 5 and 7(2) and that it too was void. In fact the Legislature also seems to have taken the same view and has made provision for it in section IOE. I am also of the opinion that without these sections the rest of the Act could not be effective and thus the whole of the Principal Act was void. ( 93. ) The sole q ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... d even convictions made under such an unconstitutional statute have been set aside by issuing appropriate writs. If a statute is void from its very birth, then anything done under it, whether closed, completed, or inchoate, will be wholly illegal and relief in one shape or another has to be given to the person affected by such an unconstitutional law. This rule, however, is not applicable in regard to laws which were existing and were constitutional according to the Government of India Act, 1935. Of course, if any law is made after the 25th January, 1950, which is repugnant to the Constitution, then the same rule will have to be followed by Courts in India as is followed in America and even convictions made under such an unconstitutional law will have to be set aside by resort to exercise of powers given to this Court by the constitution. ( 96. ) Behram Khurshed Pesikaka v. the State of Bombay (1955 1 SCR 613)(6)was the next case. This case again dealt with a pre-Constitution statute : Bombay Prohibition i Act XXV of 1949 and, therefore, involved the impact of Article 13(1) of the Constitution on that Act. The case is, however, of importance as in the course of his judgment Mah ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... hakras and others v. the State of Madhya Pradesh and another (1955) 2 SCR 589 which also dealt with a pre- Constitution Act viz. the C.P. Berar Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act III of 1948 Which had amended the Motor Vehicles Act 1939 (Central Act IV of 1939) and conferred extensive powers on the Provincial Government including the power to create a monopoly of the motor transport business in its favour to the exclusion of all motor transport operators. The ease of the petitioners was that with the advent of the Constitution the Act was rendered void under Article 13(1) of the Constitution being inconsistent with the provisions of Articles 19(l)(g) and 31(2) of the Constitution, and reliance was placed on the decision of the Supreme Court in Saghir Ahmed v. the State of U.P. and others, 1955 I SCR 707). On behalf of the respondents it was contended that although as a result of the said decision the impugned Act was rendered void, the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 and the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, had the effect of removing the inconsistency and the Amending Act III of 1948 became operative again. The petitioners rejoined by contending that the impugned A ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... valid, without re-enactment, if later, by constitutional amendment, the necessary legislative power is granted. 'An after-acquired power cannot, ex proprio vigore, validate a statute void when enacted. ( 101. ) According to my learned brother, the above cited passage from Professor Willoughby except its last sentence An after-acquired power cannot, ex proprio vigore, validate a statute void when enacted is not supported by any decision. The last sentence is no doubt based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Newberry v. United States (256 US 232) but according to my learned brother the decision in Newberry v. United States') was not at all concerned with the question whether void statute is not rendered valid without re-enactment. ( 102. ) After stating the above proposition my learned brother has considered the source of the above statement of law by Professor Willoughby and has found explanation for it in the constitutions of some of the federating States in America where there is an express provision that a statute must not be amended merely by referring to its title but must be reenacted as a whole with the new portion incorporated in it. ( ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... earned brother has referred to the observations of Lord Mac Dermott L.C.J. in Ulster Transport Authority v. James Brown Sons Ltd. (1953 Northern Ireland Reports 79) and of the Supreme Court of United States in Welkerson v. Rahar (140 U.S. 545; 35 L.Ed.572). Both these decisions were cited by Venkalarama Aiyar J. in the above mentioned case. There is however a clear distinction between Sundararamier's case and the present case. In that case only one of the sections of the Act was void; the rest of the Act was valid. It was therefore said that the statute could not be held to have been wiped out of the statute book. It may also be mentioned that I have not been able to find any reference to Sundararamier's case in any of the subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court in which the impact of Article 13(2) of the Constitution came to be considered. ( 106. ) In Deep Chand v. The State of Uttar Pradesh and others (1959 Supp. (2) SCR 8) which was decided on January 15, 1959, within less than a year of the decision in Sudararamier's case, neither Subba Rao J. nor S.R. Das C.J. made any reference to that decision although the case of Wilkerson v. Rahar was approvingly referre ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... is no question of the contravention of Article 13(2) being a continuing matter. Therefore, where there is a question of a post- Constitution law, there is a prohibition against the State from taking away or abridging fundamental rights and there is a further provision that if the prohibi- tion is contravened the law shall be void to the extent of the contravention, In view of this clear provision, it must be held that unlike a law covered by Article 13(1) which was valid when made, the law made in contravention of the prohibition contained in Article 13(2) is astillborn law either wholly or partially depending upon the extent of the contravention. Such a law is dead from the beginning and there can be noquestion of its revival under the doctrine of eclipse. plain reading therefore of the words in Article 13(1) and Article 13(2) brings out a clear distinction between the two. Article 13(1) declares such pre-Constitution laws as are inconsistent with fundamental rights void. Article 13(2) consists of two parts; the first part imposes an inhibition on the power of the State to make a law contravening fundamental rights, and the second part, which is merely a consequential one, mentio ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... is bound to take notice of it for further legislation to repeal or amend it. This indeed appears to be the major premise for the view taken by my learned brother who also finds support for his view in the following passage in the judgment in Mahendra Lal Jaini's case. It was there said : The meaning of the word 'void' for all practical purposes is the same in Article 13(1) as in Article 13(2), namely, that the laws which were void were ineffectual and nugatory and devoid of any legal force or binding effect. But the pre-Constitution laws could not become void from their inception on account of the application of Article 13(1). The meaning of the word 'void' in Article 13(2) is also the same viz. that the laws are ineffectual and nugatory and devoid of any legal force or binding effect, if they contravene Article 13(2).'' Although my learned brother has quoted from the judgment the sentence following the above passage, he does not seem to be willing concede the full implications of the statement of law laid down therein. It was there said: But there is one, vital difference between pre-Constitution and post Constitution laws in this matter. The voi ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... In Deep Chand's case S.R. Das C.J. did try to revive that doctrine as explained in Bhikaji Narain Dhakra's case when he said that it also applied to a post- Constitution Act which infringed a fundamental right guaranteed to citizens only and was nevertheless on the statute book as a valid law binding on noncitizens and therefore if ths shadow was removed by a constitutional amendment it would immediately be applicable even to the citizens without being re-enacted. But even the learned Chief Justice was not prepared to go further and he said, whether a post-Constitution law of the other kind, namely, which infringes a fundamental right guaranteed all person, irrespective of whether they are citizens or not, and which, therefore, can have no operation at all when it is enacted, is to be regarded as a still-born law as if it had not been enacted at all and, therefore, not subject to the doctrine of eclipse is a matter which may be open to discussion. ( 115. ) It appears to me that implicit in this statement is the admission that if the doctrine of eclipse does not apply to a post-Constitution Act which infringes a fundamental right guaranteed to citizens and non-citizens ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e the same as any contravention thereof has the effect of rendering the statute or its part, as the case may be, void. ( 118. ) One argument which was strongly pressed on us by the respondent's counsel was about the distinction between the effects on a statute (1) by a legislation and (2) by a judicial decision. It was argued that the effect of legislation on a statute is a physical change. An express repeal removes the statute out of the statute book. The amendment makes physical changes in the statute. But a judicial decision does not make any physical change in the statute. It only places a particular meaning on it leaving the statute on the statute book without any change. This difference is due to the clear separation of functions between the Legislature and the Judiciary. The function of the Legislature is fundamental and formal. No statute can come into existence unless the Legislature makes it. No statute can go out of existence unless the Legislature repeals it. The Courts do not possess the power to make a statute or repeal a statute. The function of the Courts is to interpret a statute and to give it a meaning. If, according to the decision of a Court a statute o ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nd what difference it would make to the statute still remaining physically on the statute book, a circumstance which appears to have registered such a profound impression on the mind of my learned brother. It cannot be denied that even in the case of a statute which is repealed by the legislature it is only in subsequent editions that the repealed statute is not printed. It may be that once a statute is repealed, a red line is drawn across it in the statute book to show that it is no longer there. The same result will follow or at any rate, should follow, when a statute is declared void by the Supreme Court for a note can certainly be made to identify such a statute from others with respect to which no such declaration has been made. ( 122. ) A great deal of emphasis was laid by the respondents' counsel on certain passages at page 10 of the Constitution of the United States 2nd Edition, Volume I by Professor Willoughby and at pages 40 and 41 of 2nd Edition of Wynes treatise on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Powers in Australia which having been set out by my learned brother need not be reproduced here. I find it hard to subscribe to the view that when the Supreme ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ve no such power. What the courts do when they declare a statute as un-constitutional, is to render it inoperative. The result is as if the statute were impliedly repealed and were to remain in a state of suspended animation and that it would revive as soon as the suspension came to an end. ( 125. ) With great respect, I beg to differ. I do not think any such view of the effect of declaration of voidness of a post-Constitution statute by courts, has been taken in any of the judgments of the Supreme Court to which our attention was invited by the learned counsel. The argument by analogy, based on the two cases : (1) Ram Kirpal Bhagat v. State of Bihar-Criminal Appeal No. 182 of 1966 decided on 13-11-1969(16) and (2) Sadasib Prakash Brahmchariv. The State of Orissa (1956 SCR 43) also does not carry the point further. There is no parallel between an existing law which though in force in some area has not yet been extended to another area and a law which has been declared by courts to be dead at the very moment of its birth. ( 126. ) My conclusion on the first part of the argument on behalf of the petitioners, therefore, is that a statute which is void within the meaning of Artic ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nsequently it was the Madras Act as amended upto April 1, 1966 which was brought into force in Pondicherry. ( 130. ) After the Act came into force the petitioner was served with a notice to get himself registered as a dealer under the Act. He challenged the validity of the Act by filing a writ petition. After the petition was filed the Pondicherry Legislature passed the Pondicherry General Sales Tax (Amendment) Act 13 of 1966 whereby section 1(2) of the principal Act was amended to read that the latter Act shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 1966. It was also provided that all taxes levied or collected and all proceedings taken and things done were to bedeemed valid as if the principal Act as amended had been in force at all material times. ( 131. ) On behalf of the petitioner it was contended that since the principal Act was void ab initio on account of excessive delegation, the Amendment Act could not resuscitate that which was still-born. Support for this contention was sought from the decisions of the Supreme Court in Deep Chand v. the State of Uttar Pradesh and Mahendra Lal Jaini v. the State of Uttar Pradesh and others'). Against that contention the pos ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... only a territorial application, It, however, seems to me that in essence, the declaration of voidness of a statute made by a High Court, unless it is reversed by the Supreme Court, has the same effect although the operation of the declaration may be confined to the territorial limits of the High Court's jurisdiction. Within those territorial limits the statute has to be regarded as 'still-born', 'dead' and 'non-existent' and unless it is re-enacted, it will be wholly inoperative and of no legal effect. Take the case of a statute which has been declared void by the High Court of one State while it has been held to be valid by the High Court of another State. So far as the State where it has been held valid or at any rate, has not been held void, no question of its amendment or re-enactment can ever arise. The need for re-enactment or amendment will arise only in a State or territory where the statute has been struck down unless the decision is meanwhile reversed by the Supreme Court. ( 134. ) It , therefore, follows that in substance and reality the effect of the declaration made by the High Court as well as the Supreme Court is the same. The first gro ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... n in Devi Das's case which is an unanimous judgment of the same Constitution Bench that had previously decided by majority B. Shama Rao's case, establishes the proposition that a void section of a statute can be validated by a mere amendment which is not re-enactment of the void section. With great respect, this does not appear to be a correct reading of the judgment in Devi Das's case. Section 5 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948 was amended by section 2 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax (Second Amendment) Act, 1952 in these words :- In sub-section (1) of section 5 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948, after the words 'rates' the following words shall beinserted and shall be deemed always to have been so inserted, namely :- 'not exceeding two pice in a rupee. ( 137. ) The case of B. Shama Rao was distinguished on the ground that in that case the whole of the Madras Act was void for the simple reason that the core of that Act which was a taxing statute lay in the charging section and the remaining sections had no independent existence. In Devi Das's case the charging section was intact and what was struck out was only the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... , it was contended that the only purpose of retrospective amendment is to validate past transactions, if the legislature does not intend to validate past transactions it need not make the amendment retrospectively. It is true that a retrospective amendment is made applicable by a fiction to past transactions while a prospective amendment applies only to future transactions. But I am not aware of any decided case in which it has beer) laid down that that is the only purpose of a retrospective amendment. On the other hand, if I understand aright the import of the passage from the judgment of .Dew Das's case cited above, it can only mean that the purpose of using the words shall be deemed always to have been so inserted in the amended section 5 was to provide that the section when originally enacted should be read as it was now amended. The validation in such a case nay be not only with respect to past transactions but also with respect to the legislative provision itself. ( 143. ) In the absence of a full argument, however, I do not think it is necessary to express any definite opinion on this point in the present case. ( 144. ) Cousel for the respondents seemed to take ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... lative practice which has the backing of the Constitution. ( 147. ) My learned brother has referred to some cases which though they were not cited at the Bar, have been found by him to throw some light on the point with which we are concerned in this case. Out of deference to my learned brother, T should like to say a few words about those cases. The cases noticed by my learned brother are : (1) Municipal Committee Arnritsar and Another v. State of Punjab (1969) 3 SCR447:(2) MahalChand Sethia v. State of W. Bengal (1969) 3 SCR 500: and Janapada Sabha Chhindwara v. the Central Provinces Syndicate Ltd. and Another (Civil Appeals 125 to 133 of 1967 decided on 23-2-1970). ( 148. ) The circumstances which gave rise to the decision in the Municipal Committee Amritsar and Another v. State of Punjab were these : ( 149. ) The Punjab Cattle Fairs (Regulation) Act, 1967 was struck down by the Punjab High Court by its judgment in several connected writ petitions in Mohinder Smgh Sawhney v. State of Punjab 'and others (AIR 1968 Punjab 391). The .Punjab legislature, thereafter passed the Punjab Cattle Fairs (Regulation) Amendment Act, 18 of 1968. The Amending Act a ) v/ell as the pr ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e is only one passage which may tend to suggest that re-enactment was not necessary. The passage reads The effect of that decision (the decision of the Punjab High Court in Mohinder Smgh Sawhney's case) was only that the Act was in law, nonexistent, so long as there was no definition of the expression 'cattle fairs' in the Act. That defect has been remedied by the Punjab Act, 18 of 1968. ( 152. ) I cannot read this observation as laying down that the view propounded by the Supreme Court in B. Shama Rao's case and Mohinder Lal Jaini's case has been overruled. These observations were made in the context of what the Court had said earlier that the principal Act could not be struck down and was wrongly struck down and also in the context of whether the principal of resjudicata was attracted. Another reason why these observations cannot be regarded as over-ruling the view that re-enactment was necessary is that there is no- reference to those cases nor is there any discussion on the subject. In any case, those decisions were of the Constitution Bench comprised of five Judges while the decision in the case of Municipal Committee of Amritsar is by a non-Constit ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ctive effect it can pass an Amending Act to have effect from a date which is past. Usually Legislatures pass Acts styled Amending and Validating Act, with the object not only to amend the law from a past date but to protect and validate actions already taken which would otherwise be invalid as done without legislative sanction. There is nothing in our Constitution which creates any fetter on the Legislature's jurisdiction to amend laws with retrospective effect and validate transactions effected in the past. Further there is nothing in our Constitution which restricts the Jurisdiction of the legislature to cases where Courts of law have not pronounced upon the invalidity or infirmity of any legislative measure. . - . . . ( 155. ) Thus the point at issue in the present case was neither urged nor considered, and in any case a retrospective amendment like the one brought about by the Amending Act of 1954 by the West Bengal Legislature stands on a different footing. The power given by the Amending Act to the State Government authorising it to withdraw any case from any Special Court and transfer the same to any other Special Court for disposal in the new subsection (3) to secti ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... own to the extent of repugnancy. The Mysore Land Acquisition Act, on the other hand, had sections 4, 5A and 6 analogous to the corresponding sections in the Central Act of 1894. ( 158. ) Action for acquisition of petitioners land having been taken under the Mysore Land Acquisition Act without advertance to the provisions of the Improvement Act, was challenged by them on the ground that it was ultra vires of section 52 and the provisions of the Third Chapter of the Improvement Act. It was also contended that Government's action in using the provisions of the Mysore Land Acquisition Act was discriminatory because in other cases the provisions of the Improvement Act had been applied. Before the petitions came up for hearing the Governor of Mysore promulgated an Ordinance called the City of Bangalore Improvement (Amendment) Ordinance, 1960 introducing retrospectively 27-A. This was followed by an Act which reenacted the provisions of the Ordinance. By this section compliance with the Third Chapter of the Improvement Act was dispensed with. The petitioners then challegned the Amending Ordinance and the Amending Act on the ground of noncompliance with Articles 213(1) and 254(1) of ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... aforesaid decision lend support to their view that there is a clear distinction between express repeal of a statute by legislature and an implied repeal of a statute brought to light by a judicial decision. Whereas a repealed statute is truly nonexistent as it has gone out of the statutebook and would, therefore have to be ignored not only by the Courts but also by the legislature which would have to undertake further legislation. On the other hand, a statute declared void by the Supreme Court or High Court only loses its binding force in litigation between the parties and is non-existent only in the decision of rights of the parties. ( 162. ) This aspect of the matter has been dealt with by me in the earlier part of the judgment. I need not, therefore repeat what I have already said about the true nature of the declaration of voidness made by the Supreme Court and the High Court. So far as the controversy between reenactment and amendment of a void statute is concerned, the above decision does not appear to me to have any relevance. On the other hand, it may be argued with a certain degree of plausibility that the legislature being alive to the difficulty of getting rid of th ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... n this case, the amendment of the taxing statute declared void, does not seem to be one of the methods which according to the learned Chief Justice the legislature generally adopts to validate the imposition of a tax. No help can therefore, be derived from this decision for the argument that the statute declared wholly void can be validated by amendment of the provision that had led to the declaration of voidness by the Court. ( 165. ) At this stage one other decision of the Supreme Court: N.B. Jeejeebhoy v. Assistant Collector Thana Prant, Thana (1965) I SCR 636) may be noticed. The Land Acquisition (Bombay Amendment) Act, 1948, a preconstitution statute was held to be still-born and void at the inception because it did not provide for payment of compensation as required by section 299(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935. It was, therefore, not an existing law within the meaning of Article 31(5) of the Constitution. It was also held that since the Act did not satisfy the conditions laid down in clause 6 of Article 31, it did not qualify itself for immunity from attack on the ground of non-compliance with the provisions of section 299 of the Government of India Act, and ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the generality of the provisions' indicate that the Acts and regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule would have the immunity even if they did not attract Art. 31-A of the Constitution. If every Act in the Ninth Schedule would be covered by Article 31-A, this Article would become redundant. Indeed, some of the Act mentioned therein, namely, items 141020 and many other Acts added to the Ninth Schedule, do not appear to relate to estates as defined in Article 31-A(2) of the Constitution. We, therefore, hold that Article 31-B is not governed by Article 31-A and that Article 31-B is a constitutional device to place the specified statutes beyond any attack on the ground that they infringe Part III of the Constitution. We, therefore, hold that as the Amending Act was void from its inception, Article 31-A could not save it. ( 168. ) In the result the Amending Act was held void. Counsel for the respondents contended that the decision establishes the principle that a void statute is ignored by the Courts as non-existent in law in deciding the rights of the parties but is taken note of by Parliament as being on the statutebook for the purpose of validating and other legislation. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
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