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Issues Involved:
1. Jurisdiction of a Magistrate to direct the police to submit a charge-sheet after a final report. 2. The role and powers of the police in the investigation process. 3. The judicial discretion of the Magistrate upon receiving a police report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 4. The treatment of protest petitions by the Magistrate. Detailed Analysis: 1. Jurisdiction of a Magistrate to Direct the Police to Submit a Charge-Sheet: The primary issue in these appeals is whether a Magistrate can direct the police to submit a charge-sheet after the police have submitted a final report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (the Code). The judgment highlights a conflict of opinion among various High Courts on this matter. The High Courts of Madras, Calcutta, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Gujarat have held that the Magistrate has no such power, whereas the Patna and Bombay High Courts have held a contrary view. The Court concluded that there is no express or implied power conferred under the Code on a Magistrate to call upon the police to submit a charge-sheet when they have sent a final report stating that no case is made out for sending the accused for trial. The Magistrate cannot compel the police to form a particular opinion on the investigation and submit a report according to such opinion. 2. The Role and Powers of the Police in the Investigation Process: The judgment elaborates on the extensive powers conferred on the police in the matter of investigating cognizable offenses, as outlined in Chapter XIV of the Code. The police have the discretion to investigate and form an opinion on whether there is sufficient evidence to place the accused on trial. This discretion includes the submission of a charge-sheet under Section 170 or a final report under Section 169 of the Code. The Court emphasized that the formation of an opinion as to whether or not there is a case to place the accused on trial is the final step in the investigation, which is solely within the domain of the police. The Magistrate does not have the authority to interfere with this process or compel the police to change their opinion. 3. Judicial Discretion of the Magistrate Upon Receiving a Police Report: Upon receiving a report under Section 173, the Magistrate must exercise judicial discretion to decide whether to take cognizance of the offense. The Magistrate is not bound to accept the police's opinion that there is a case for placing the accused on trial. If the Magistrate disagrees with the police report, he may either direct further investigation under Section 156(3) or take cognizance of the offense under Section 190(1)(c) of the Code. The judgment clarifies that while the Magistrate has the power to disagree with the police report and take appropriate action, he cannot direct the police to submit a charge-sheet. The Magistrate's role is to ensure that justice is served by taking cognizance of offenses when necessary, but without encroaching on the investigative domain of the police. 4. Treatment of Protest Petitions by the Magistrate: In these appeals, the respondents had filed protest petitions challenging the police's final reports. The judgment notes that it is not clear whether the Magistrate treated these protest petitions as complaints. If the Magistrate chooses to treat a protest petition as a complaint, he must follow the appropriate procedure outlined in the Code for taking cognizance of an offense based on a complaint. The Court allowed the appeals to the extent that the orders of the Magistrate directing the police to file charge-sheets were set aside. However, it clarified that the Magistrate is free to treat the protest petitions as complaints and proceed according to law. Conclusion: The Supreme Court concluded that a Magistrate does not have the jurisdiction to direct the police to submit a charge-sheet after they have submitted a final report stating that no case is made out. The investigation and formation of an opinion on whether to place the accused on trial are solely within the police's purview. The Magistrate can, however, take cognizance of an offense based on his judicial discretion or direct further investigation if he finds the police report unsatisfactory. The appeals were allowed to the extent that the Magistrate's orders directing the police to file charge-sheets were set aside, with the option for the Magistrate to treat protest petitions as complaints and proceed according to law.
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