2017 (1) TMI 1492 - SC - Indian Laws

Promulgation of an Ordinance - whether laying an Ordinance promulgated by the Governor of a State before the State Legislature is mandatory under Article 213(2) of the Constitution ? - Governor of Bihar promulgated as many as eight Ordinances (one after another and on the same subject) in exercise of his legislative power under Article 213(1) of the Constitution. None of these Ordinances was laid before the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council - Held that - The power which has been conferred upon the President under Article 123 and the Governor under Article 213 is legislative in character. The power is conditional in nature it can be exercised only when the legislature is not in session and subject to the satisfaction of the President or, as the case may be, of the Governor that circumstances exist which render it necessary to take immediate action; (ii) An Ordinance which is promulgated under Article 123 or Article 213 has the same force and effect as a law enacted by the legislature but it must (i) be laid before the legislature; and (ii) it will cease to operate six weeks after the legislature has reassembled or, even earlier if a resolution disapproving it is passed. Moreover, an Ordinance may also be withdrawn; (iii) The constitutional fiction, attributing to an Ordinance the same force and effect as a law enacted by the legislature comes into being if the Ordinance has been validly promulgated and complies with the requirements of Articles 123 and 213; (iv) The Ordinance making power does not constitute the President or the Governor into a parallel source of law making or an independent legislative authority; (v) Consistent with the principle of legislative supremacy, the power to promulgate ordinances is subject to legislative control. The President or, as the case may be, the Governor acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers which owes collective responsibility to the legislature; (vi) The requirement of laying an Ordinance before Parliament or the state legislature is a mandatory constitutional obligation cast upon the government. Laying of the ordinance before the legislature is mandatory because the legislature has to determine (a) The need for, validity of and expediency to promulgate an ordinance; (b) Whether the Ordinance ought to be approved or disapproved; (c) Whether an Act incorporating the provisions of the ordinance should be enacted (with or without amendments); (vii) The failure to comply with the requirement of laying an ordinance before the legislature is a serious constitutional infraction and abuse of the constitutional process; (viii) Re-promulgation of ordinances is a fraud on the Constitution and a sub-version of democratic legislative processes, as laid down in the judgment of the Constitution Bench in D C Wadhwa 1986 (12) TMI 381 - SUPREME COURT ; (ix) Article 213(2)(a) provides that an ordinance promulgated under that article shall cease to operate six weeks after the reassembling of the legislature or even earlier, if a resolution disapproving it is passed in the legislature. Both Articles 123 and 213 contain a distinct provision setting out the circumstances in which an ordinance shall be void. An ordinance is void in a situation where it makes a provision which Parliament would not be competent to enact (Article 123(3)) or which makes a provision which would not be a valid if enacted in an act of the legislature of the state assented to by the Governor (Article 213(3)). The framers having used the expressions cease to operate and void separately in the same provision, they cannot convey the same meaning; (x) The theory of enduring rights which has been laid down in the judgment in Bhupendra Kumar Bose 1961 (12) TMI 81 - Supreme Court of India and followed in T Venkata Reddy 1985 (3) TMI 252 - SUPREME COURT by the Constitution Bench is based on the analogy of a temporary enactment. There is a basic difference between an ordinance and a temporary enactment. These decisions of the Constitution Bench which have accepted the notion of enduring rights which will survive an ordinance which has ceased to operate do not lay down the correct position. The judgments are also no longer good law in view of the decision in S R Bommai 1994 (3) TMI 380 - Supreme Court Of India (xi) No express provision has been made in Article 123 and Article 213 for saving of rights, privileges, obligations and liabilities which have arisen under an ordinance which has ceased to operate. Such provisions are however specifically contained in other articles of the Constitution such as Articles 249(3), 250(2), 357(2), 358 and 359(1A). This is, however, not conclusive and the issue is essentially one of construction; of giving content to the force and effect clause while prescribing legislative supremacy and the rule of law; (xii) The question as to whether rights, privileges, obligations and liabilities would survive an Ordinance which has ceased to operate must be determined as a matter of construction. The appropriate test to be applied is the test of public interest and constitutional necessity. This would include the issue as to whether the consequences which have taken place under the Ordinance have assumed an irreversible character. In a suitable case, it would be open to the court to mould the relief; and (xiii) The satisfaction of the President under Article 123 and of the Governor under Article 213 is not immune from judicial review particularly after the amendment brought about by the forty-fourth amendment to the Constitution by the deletion of clause 4 in both the articles. The test is whether the satisfaction is based on some relevant material. The court in the exercise of its power of judicial review will not determine the sufficiency or adequacy of the material. The court will scrutinise whether the satisfaction in a particular case constitutes a fraud on power or was actuated by an oblique motive. Judicial review in other words would enquire into whether there was no satisfaction at all. We hold and declare that every one of the ordinances at issue commencing with Ordinance 32 of 1989 and ending with the last of the ordinances, Ordinance 2 of 1992 constituted a fraud on constitutional power. These ordinances which were never placed before the state legislature and were re-promulgated in violation of the binding judgment of this Court in D C Wadhwa are bereft of any legal effects and consequences. The ordinances do not create any rights or confer the status of government employees. However, it would be necessary for us to mould the relief (which we do) by declaring that no recoveries shall be made from any of the employees of the salaries which have been paid during the tenure of the ordinances in pursuance of the directions contained in the judgment of the High Court.

Summary

Issues Involved:
1. Whether laying an Ordinance before the State Legislature is mandatory under Article 213(2) of the Constitution.
2. Whether an Ordinance can create enduring or irreversible rights in a citizen.
3. The legality of re-promulgation of an Ordinance.
4. The validity of the specific Ordinances promulgated by the Governor of Bihar.
5. The effect of concluded transactions under an Ordinance that has ceased to operate.

Detailed Analysis:

1. Mandatory Nature of Laying an Ordinance Before the Legislature:
One judge expressed disagreement with the view that laying an Ordinance before the State Legislature is mandatory under Article 213(2) of the Constitution. It was argued that not laying an Ordinance before the Legislature does not invalidate it but merely causes it to cease to operate after six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature. The Constitution does not provide any consequence other than the Ordinance ceasing to operate. Thus, it is not mandatory for the Executive to lay an Ordinance before the Legislative Assembly.

2. Enduring or Irreversible Rights Created by an Ordinance:
The judgment overruled the contrary views expressed in previous cases (State of Orissa v. Bhupendra Kumar Bose and T. Venkata Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh), stating that an Ordinance cannot create enduring or irreversible rights in a citizen. An Ordinance is constitutionally transient and cannot provide for any savings clause or contingency that would extend beyond its life.

3. Legality of Re-promulgation of an Ordinance:
The judgment held that the re-promulgation of an Ordinance by the Governor is not per se a fraud on the Constitution, but it should not be a mechanical exercise. The Governor must be satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for immediate action. However, the re-promulgation of Ordinances without adequate justification, as seen in the case of Bihar, was deemed unconstitutional.

4. Validity of Specific Ordinances Promulgated by the Governor of Bihar:
The judgment concluded that the first three Ordinances, not being challenged by the employees, are assumed valid. However, the fourth and subsequent Ordinances were struck down due to inadequate justification by the State of Bihar, despite a specific challenge by the employees. The High Court's decision to strike down these Ordinances was upheld.

5. Effect of Concluded Transactions Under an Ordinance:
The judgment clarified that actions and transactions concluded under an Ordinance before it ceases to operate do not survive beyond its life. The Constitution does not attach any degree of permanence to actions or transactions pending or concluded during the currency of an Ordinance. The distinction between a temporary Act and an Ordinance was emphasized, noting that an Ordinance cannot constitutionally make provisions for enduring effects.

Conclusion:
The judgment provided a comprehensive analysis of the constitutional provisions related to the promulgation and re-promulgation of Ordinances, emphasizing the importance of legislative control and the temporary nature of Ordinances. The specific Ordinances in question were evaluated, leading to the conclusion that the first three were assumed valid due to lack of challenge, while the fourth and subsequent Ordinances were struck down. The judgment also clarified that concluded transactions under an Ordinance do not survive beyond its life, reinforcing the transient nature of Ordinances.