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Issues Involved:
1. Whether standard deduction under section 16(i) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, is available for income derived from pension taxed under the head 'Salaries'. Detailed Analysis: 1. Standard Deduction on Pension Income: The primary issue was whether the assessee, a pensioner, could claim a standard deduction of Rs. 2,085 under section 16 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, from his pension amounting to Rs. 10,850 for the assessment year 1976-77. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) declined this deduction, but the Appellate Assistant Commissioner (AAC) allowed it, and the Income-tax Tribunal sustained the AAC's decision. The Tribunal referred the question to the High Court for an opinion. The question presented was: "Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was right in law in holding that standard deduction under section 16(i) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, dealing with deductions from salary is available even in respect of income derived from pension which is taxed under the head 'Salaries'?" The assessee argued that his pension constituted salary by virtue of section 17 of the Act, which declares pension to be salary for the purposes of sections 15 and 16, thus permitting standard deduction from salary. Dhillon J.'s Opinion: Dhillon J. reasoned that pension is an important term and condition of employment, earned by rendering service over a requisite period. Pension is considered deferred payment for services rendered, and thus, it is part of the employment terms. The Legislature classified income under various heads, and salary is one such head. He emphasized that the actual incurring of expenditure incidental to employment was not necessary for claiming the deduction; it was sufficient to prove that the income was salary. He referred to the principle that "no words should be considered redundant or surplus while interpreting the statute," and argued that if the deduction under clause (i) of section 16 was not permitted to a pensioner, then the provisions of section 17 declaring pension as salary would become otiose. Goyal J.'s Opinion: Goyal J. stressed that unless the assessee was in present employment, he could not claim a deduction under section 16(i). He argued that a pensioner is not in present employment and relied on the case of Rajagopalachari v. Corporation of Madras, which held that a pensioner is not in employment. He distinguished the case of General Manager, Southern Railway, v. Rangachari, stating that it did not justify considering a pensioner as employed. He concluded that if the assessee's plea was accepted, the expression "in respect of expenditure incidental to the employment of the assessee" in clause (i) of section 16 would be rendered surplusage. D.S. Tewatia J.'s Conclusion: D.S. Tewatia J. agreed with Dhillon J. He noted that the Legislature has declared pension to be salary for the purpose of section 16. By virtue of the deeming provision, a pensioner would be treated as in employment for the purposes of sections 15 and 16. He argued that the Legislature's intention in declaring pension as salary was to enable the assessee to claim deductions permitted by section 16, acknowledging that a pensioner might incur expenditure in retrieving his pension. Tewatia J. also noted that the Finance (No. 2) Act of 1980 had deleted the words "expenditure incidental to employment," meaning that from the assessment year 1981-82, salaried individuals would not need to claim deductions for such expenditure; the amount would be allowed straightaway. He addressed the Revenue's argument based on the Finance Minister's speech, which suggested that standard deduction was not available to pensioners prior to the amendment. Tewatia J. dismissed this as reflecting only the departmental interpretation, noting that Income-tax Tribunals generally disagreed with it and allowed deductions. He cited the Karnataka High Court's decision in CIT v. Ramaiah, which supported the view that pension, being deemed salary, was entitled to the same deductions. He also referenced the Supreme Court's principle that in cases of ambiguous tax statutes, the interpretation favoring the assessee should be adopted. Judgment: The court answered the question in the affirmative, favoring the assessee and against the Revenue, allowing the standard deduction on pension income. The Revenue was directed to pay Rs. 500 as costs to the assessee.
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