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Issues:
1. Allowability of research and engineering expenses as a deduction in computing the profits of the business. Analysis: The judgment pertains to a reference under section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, where the main issue revolves around the allowability of research and engineering expenses incurred by a non-resident company engaged in rendering technical services to oil industries. The company, a subsidiary of Schlumberger Seaco (Overseas), was involved in providing specialized services through trained engineers using sophisticated tools and equipment. The expenses in question were incurred as part of a cost-sharing agreement among various Schlumberger group companies to avoid duplication of research and development activities. The Income Tax Officer initially rejected the claim for deduction citing reasons such as the company not directly engaging in research activities and paying substantial royalties to its principal company. However, the Appellate Authority allowed the deduction under section 37(1) of the Act, emphasizing the connection between the expenses and the services rendered. The Tribunal upheld the Authority's decision, considering the nature of the business, the rational basis of expense sharing, and the facilitation of business operations and profit generation through incurring such expenses. The judgment highlights the importance of the knowledge gathered through these expenses in carrying out specialized services, ultimately leading to the allowance of the deduction. The judgment extensively discusses the agreements entered into by the Schlumberger group companies, defining the income and expenses sharing mechanisms among the subsidiaries. The agreements outlined the nature of services, confidentiality of technical data, and the basis for sharing engineering expenses. The supplemental agreement further clarified the inclusion of subsidiaries in the expense-sharing arrangement and reiterated the terms of the main agreement. The Tribunal's decision was based on a thorough analysis of these agreements, emphasizing the rational basis for expense sharing and the utilization of shared knowledge for business operations. The judgment underscores the significance of the expenses incurred for gathering essential information and knowledge, which directly contributed to the company's business activities and profit generation. The specialized nature of the services provided by the company, akin to consultancy services, did not diminish the deductibility of the expenses, as they were crucial for the efficient operation of the business. The judgment concludes by affirming the allowability of the research and engineering expenses as revenue expenses, considering their role in facilitating the business operations and profit-making activities. In conclusion, the judgment resolves the issue by affirming the allowability of research and engineering expenses incurred by the non-resident company as deductions in computing its business profits. The decision is based on the rational basis of expense sharing, the essential nature of the knowledge gathered through these expenses for business operations, and the facilitation of profit generation. The judgment provides a detailed analysis of the agreements governing the expense-sharing arrangement among Schlumberger group companies and highlights the relevance of these expenses in the context of the company's specialized services and operations.
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