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Issues Involved:
1. Competence of the State Legislature to enact the Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 and its amendment. 2. Validity of Notification No. 4971-XV-2154-E.A. dated July 15, 1955. 3. Interpretation of the term "estate" under the original and amended Acts. 4. Applicability of Article 31A of the Constitution to the original and amending Acts. 5. Ejusdem generis rule application to the definition of "estate." Detailed Analysis: 1. Competence of the State Legislature to Enact the Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 and its Amendment The appellants challenged the competence of the State Legislature to enact both the original Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Act 1 of 1952) and its amendment in 1954 (Act XXVII of 1954). The Supreme Court found that both the original Act and the amending Act were within the legislative competence of the State Legislature. The original Act was introduced on January 17, 1950, passed on September 28, 1951, and received Presidential assent on January 23, 1952. The amending Act also received the President's assent, thus satisfying the constitutional requirements. 2. Validity of Notification No. 4971-XV-2154-E.A. dated July 15, 1955 The notification in question, issued by the Orissa State Government, extended the definition of "estate" to include minor inams. The appellants argued that this notification was void. The Court held that the notification was valid as it was issued under a validly enacted law. The notification, therefore, had legal effect. 3. Interpretation of the Term "Estate" under the Original and Amended Acts The original Act defined "estate" as land held by an intermediary, including various tenures and inam estates. The amending Act expanded this definition to include any land held by or vested in an intermediary, including minor inams. The Court clarified that the new definition did not exclude minor inams and that the expanded definition under the amending Act was valid. The Court emphasized that the new definition did not take away from the old definition but added to it. 4. Applicability of Article 31A of the Constitution to the Original and Amending Acts The appellants contended that Article 31A's protection could not be extended to the amending Act. The Court rejected this argument, stating that the President's assent to the amending Act implicitly extended the protection of Article 31A to the new categories of property included by the amendment. Article 31A(1) protects laws providing for the acquisition of estates from being deemed void on the grounds of inconsistency with Articles 14, 19, or 31, provided the law has received Presidential assent. 5. Ejusdem Generis Rule Application to the Definition of "Estate" The appellants argued for the application of the ejusdem generis rule to restrict the definition of "estate" to whole inam villages, as defined in the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908. The Court dismissed this argument, noting that the rule applies to general terms following specific ones, not when specific categories are included in a definition. The term "inam" in the definition was not subject to this rule, and the inclusion of minor inams was valid. Conclusion The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951, and its amendment, as well as the notification issued under it. The expanded definition of "estate" to include minor inams was found to be within legislative competence and constitutionally protected under Article 31A. The appeals were dismissed with costs.
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