key differences between Anti-Dumping Duty, Safeguard Duty, and Countervailing Duty

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key differences between Anti-Dumping Duty, Safeguard Duty, and Countervailing Duty

Here’s a tabular comparison highlighting the key differences between Anti-Dumping Duty, Safeguard Duty, and Countervailing Duty:

Feature	Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD)	Safeguard Duty (SGD)	Countervailing Duty (CVD)
Purpose	To counteract unfair pricing practices (dumping) by foreign exporters.	To protect domestic industries from a surge in imports.	To neutralize the effect of subsidies provided by foreign governments.
Triggering Factor	When products are sold at below normal value (i.e., dumped) in the importing country.	A sudden and sharp increase in imports that harms the domestic industry.	When imports benefit from subsidies provided by the foreign government, leading to unfair competition.
Basis of Calculation	The margin of dumping (difference between the export price and the normal value).	The increase in import quantity and its impact on the domestic industry.	The subsidy margin (the amount of subsidy provided to the foreign exporter).
Focus	Price-based (focuses on unfairly low prices of goods).	Quantity-based (focuses on surges in the volume of imports).	Subsidy-based (focuses on government support given to exporters).
Application	Imposed on goods being sold at unfairly low prices (dumping).	Imposed on all imports of a specific product that are flooding the market.	Imposed on all subsidized imports from a specific country.
Duration	Typically up to 5 years, subject to review.	Usually temporary, generally lasting up to 4 years with possible extensions.	Typically up to 5 years, subject to review.
Investigation Authority	Government trade agencies (e.g., U.S. International Trade Commission, European Commission).	Government trade agencies (e.g., U.S. International Trade Commission, European Commission).	Government trade agencies (e.g., U.S. Department of Commerce, European Commission).
Initiation of Investigation	Can be initiated by domestic industries or government based on complaints of dumping.	Can be initiated by domestic industries or government based on sudden import surge.	Initiated by domestic industries or government based on evidence of subsidies from the exporting country.
Imposition Criteria	Imposed when dumping causes injury to domestic industry.	Imposed when a surge in imports causes or threatens to cause injury to the domestic industry.	Imposed when subsidies cause injury to domestic industries.
Target	Specific products from specific countries (usually individual exporters).	All imports of a specific product, regardless of country of origin.	Specific products from specific countries (focused on subsidized goods).
Global Trade Framework	Governed by the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement.	Governed by the WTO Safeguards Agreement.	Governed by the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement.
Example	U.S. imposing anti-dumping duties on Chinese steel products.	EU imposing safeguard duties on Chinese solar panels due to import surges.	U.S. imposing countervailing duties on Chinese solar panels due to subsidies provided by China.
Effect on Prices	Increases the price of dumped goods in the importing market.	Increases the price of goods affected by import surges.	Increases the price of subsidized goods in the importing market.

Summary:

• Anti-Dumping Duty targets unfairly low prices (dumping).
• Safeguard Duty targets sudden surges in imports that threaten domestic industries.
• Countervailing Duty targets subsidized products that benefit from government assistance, giving them an unfair advantage in the market.

Each of these duties serves to protect domestic industries, but they target different aspects of international trade unfairness, including pricing practices, import surges, and government subsidies.