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Issues Involved:
1. Whether occupation by the partners of a firm can be treated as occupation by the firm for its own residence under section 23(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Issue-wise Analysis: 1. Occupation by Partners vs. Firm's Own Residence: The primary legal issue in both income-tax references is whether the occupation of a property by the partners of a firm can be considered as the occupation by the firm for its own residence, thereby making the firm eligible for the deduction under section 23(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Facts and Tribunal's Decision: In Income-tax Reference No. 87 of 1972, the assessee, a registered firm, owned a property in Model Town, Delhi, partially occupied by its partners for residence. The ITO did not allow a statutory deduction under section 23(2) despite the partners residing in the property. The AAC upheld the ITO's decision, stating that the property was not used by the partnership for its residence. The Tribunal, however, accepted the assessee's contention, distinguishing it from a limited company, and granted the deduction under section 23(2). In Income-tax Reference No. 11 of 1974, the assessee owned a property in Sunder Nagar, New Delhi, partly used for business and partly occupied by its partners. Both the ITO and AAC denied the deduction under section 23(2), but the Tribunal, relying on its earlier decision, granted the deduction. Relevant Statutory Provisions: Section 23(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, as it stood at the relevant time, allowed a reduction in the annual value of a property if it was in the occupation of the owner for the purpose of his own residence. The critical question was whether the firm, as an owner, could claim this benefit when its partners resided in the property. Legal Analysis: The court examined the general legal concept that a firm has no separate legal personality distinct from its partners. Initially, it seemed that the occupation by partners could be considered as the firm's occupation. However, upon closer examination of the Income-tax Act and the Partnership Act, it was determined that the term "occupation of the owner for the purposes of his own residence" refers to a human owner, not a fictional entity like a firm. Precedents and Judicial Interpretation: The court referred to the Supreme Court's decision in Addanki Narayanappa v. Bhaskara Krishnappa, which clarified that partnership property is owned by the firm and not by individual partners. The partners cannot deal with the property individually during the partnership's existence. The court also cited the Calcutta High Court's decision in Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Ltd., which stated that the term "residence" applies to human persons and not fictional entities like companies. Conclusion: The court concluded that a firm, being an independent assessable entity under the Income-tax Act, cannot physically reside and thus cannot claim the benefit of section 23(2). The firm and its partners are distinct entities for tax purposes, and the firm cannot be considered to use the property for its own residence. Practical Implications: The court acknowledged a practical difficulty in accepting the assessee's contention, especially when only some partners reside in the property. The relief under section 23(2) is not available to a firm, just as it is not available to a company. Final Judgment: The court answered the question in the negative, ruling in favor of the revenue. The firm is not entitled to the deduction under section 23(2) as it does not use the property for its own residence. The revenue was awarded costs, with counsel's fee set at Rs. 350.
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