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Issues Involved:
1. Taxability of grants and subsidies received by the assessee. 2. Claim for loss due to shortages in various items dealt with by the assessee. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Taxability of Grants and Subsidies: The primary issue in both appeals concerns whether the grants and subsidies received by the assessee from the Government of Gujarat for the assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79 should be treated as taxable income. The assessee, a public limited company, received grants and subsidies totaling Rs. 8,02,000 for the year 1977-78 and Rs. 19,09,250 for the year 1978-79. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) treated the entire amounts as income, relying on the Supreme Court decision in V.S.S.V. Meenakshi Achi v. CIT, which held that subsidies and grants given by the Government to assist a trader in his business are generally payments of revenue nature. The Commissioner (Appeals) overturned the ITO's decision, observing that the grants and subsidies were provided for specific purposes such as the development of tribal handicrafts and were subject to conditions, including the requirement to refund unspent amounts. The Commissioner (Appeals) concluded that the assessee acted merely as a trustee for the Government, utilizing the funds as directed by the Government, and therefore, the amounts could not be treated as trading receipts. Upon appeal, the Tribunal upheld the Commissioner (Appeals)'s decision, emphasizing that the character and nature of the receipts should be determined at the moment of receipt. The Tribunal cited relevant case law, including Seaham Harbour Dock Co. v. Crook (Inspector of Taxes) and Bijli Cotton Mills (P.) Ltd. v. CIT, to support the view that grants and subsidies received for specific purposes with attached obligations are not revenue receipts chargeable to tax. The Tribunal concluded that the grants and subsidies in question were not intended to make up for any trading loss but were provided for specific developmental purposes, and therefore, should not be treated as taxable income. 2. Claim for Loss Due to Shortages: The cross-objection raised by the assessee for the assessment year 1978-79 pertains to the disallowance of a claim for loss of Rs. 2,86,975 due to shortages in various items. The ITO disallowed the claim, citing defects in the maintenance of stock registers and the lack of physical verification of stocks. The Commissioner (Appeals) upheld the ITO's decision, noting that the actual loss was not established by verification and valuation. The Tribunal considered the submissions of both parties. The assessee argued that losses due to breakage and pilferage were inevitable given the nature of its business and the large turnover. However, the Tribunal agreed with the revenue authorities that the claim for shortages could not be allowed in the absence of necessary proof and proper maintenance of stock records. The Tribunal concluded that the inherent lack of details to support the claim for shortages justified the disallowance. Conclusion: In summary, the Tribunal upheld the Commissioner (Appeals)'s decision to exclude the grants and subsidies from taxable income, recognizing them as funds received for specific purposes with attached obligations. Additionally, the Tribunal dismissed the assessee's cross-objection regarding the claim for loss due to shortages, citing the lack of supporting evidence and proper stock records. Both the appeals and the cross-objection were dismissed.
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