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Issues Involved:
1. Addition of Rs. 1,58,568 on account of uncollected fees by the assessee company from the students. Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Addition of Rs. 1,58,568 on account of uncollected fees by the assessee company from the students: This appeal concerns the addition of Rs. 1,58,568 made by the Assessing Officer (AO) and confirmed by the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) [CIT(A)] due to uncollected fees from students by the assessee company for the assessment year 1990-91. The assessee, a coaching institute, filed a return of income showing receipts of Rs. 38,04,737. The AO observed that the assessee had not charged fees for the full term from many students, resulting in unpaid fees of Rs. 1,58,565. The AO added this amount to the total income, arguing that the assessee did not maintain any attendance register or other records to show which students did not attend classes for the whole year or part thereof. The assessee contended before the CIT(A) that taking attendance was not in the interest of the students and the institute as it would waste time. The assessee explained its internal control system, including issuing identity cards of different colors to students based on their fee payment status. Despite these submissions, the CIT(A) rejected the appeal, stating that under the mercantile system of accounting, the entire fee amount became due as soon as the students enrolled. Before the Tribunal, the assessee reiterated its arguments, emphasizing that taking attendance was not mandatory and would waste time. The assessee detailed its internal checking system and provided a breakdown of the unpaid fees, arguing that these were not actual receipts and there was no legal right to recover the unpaid amounts. The assessee's counsel cited the Bombay High Court decision in H.M. Kashiparekh & Co. Ltd. v. CIT, emphasizing the principles of real income and commercial expediency. The counsel argued that the unpaid fees did not constitute real income as no services were rendered, and the assessee had no right to recover the amounts. The Departmental Representative (DR) argued that under the mercantile system, the entire fee amount became income once the student enrolled, and the assessee had the right to recover it. The DR contended that the burden was on the assessee to prove that students had left after paying only the registration fee or had left in the middle of the session. The Tribunal carefully considered the submissions and case laws. It concluded that the theory of real income, as propounded by the Bombay High Court and approved by the Supreme Court, applied to the facts of the case. The Tribunal noted that students who did not attend classes for various reasons did not create a right for the assessee to recover the fees, and no real income accrued to the assessee. The Tribunal also considered the guidance note issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India on Accrual Basis of Accounting, which supports the assessee's method. It noted that business expediency required that no punitive steps be taken to recover small amounts from students, as it would create problems for the institute. The Tribunal observed that the number of defaulters was negligible compared to the total number of students and that similar unpaid amounts had occurred in previous and subsequent years without any addition by the department. Based on these considerations, the Tribunal concluded that there was no accrual of real income, and the addition of Rs. 1,58,565 was not warranted. The appeal was allowed, and the addition made by the AO and confirmed by the CIT(A) was deleted. The Tribunal did not address the alternative submission regarding treating the amount as a bad debt, as the main issue was resolved in favor of the assessee.
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