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Issues:
1. Interpretation of interest accrued on debts in the context of income tax assessment. 2. Permissibility of changing accounting methods from mercantile to cash system. 3. Legal validity of excluding accrued interest from total income. 4. Application of relevant case laws to determine the inclusion of interest in total income. Analysis: 1. The judgment involved two miscellaneous civil cases heard together. The first case, originating from a reference by the Tribunal at the instance of the Commissioner of Income-tax, Bhopal, under section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, pertained to the inclusion of interest accrued on debts in the total income of the assessee. The Tribunal referred questions related to the treatment of such interest, considering the accounting method followed by the assessee and the resolution passed to stop charging accrued interest due to pending litigation. 2. The second case, also referred by the Tribunal at the instance of the Commissioner of Income-tax, Bhopal, under section 256(1) of the Act, dealt with similar issues regarding interest accrued on debts and the inclusion of such interest in the total income of the assessee for assessment years 1989-90 and 1990-91. The Tribunal raised specific questions on the treatment of accrued interest when legal action for recovery was initiated but no actual recovery was made, leading to a dispute on the proper accounting method to be applied. 3. The primary contention revolved around whether the assessee was entitled to exclude the accrued interest from its total income when no actual recovery was achieved, despite following the mercantile system of accounting. The Tribunal, in its decision, considered the legal implications of the resolution passed by the assessee to cease charging accrued interest due to pending litigation and the absence of any debit of interest in the accounts of debtors. 4. The judgment extensively referred to precedents set by various High Courts, including the Allahabad High Court, Orissa High Court, and Calcutta High Court, which supported the view that interest on debts could only be considered accrued at the time of decree. The court agreed with the reasoning of these decisions, affirming that the interest in question was not includible in the total income of the assessee due to the pending legal proceedings for debt recovery. 5. Ultimately, the court ruled in favor of the assessee in both cases, concluding that the interest accrued on debts subject to legal action for recovery, but not actually recovered, should not be considered as part of the total income. The judgment emphasized the importance of legal proceedings and the timing of decree in determining the accrual of interest for income tax purposes, providing clarity on the treatment of such interest in financial assessments. 6. The judgment concluded by deciding in favor of the assessee in both cases, following the logic applied in the earlier case and the relevant legal principles established by the High Courts. The court declined to answer the questions posed by the assessee in one case, as they were not pressed, and directed the transmission of the order to the Tribunal for further action, if necessary, while refraining from awarding costs in the matter.
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