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Determining whether multiple activities of an entrepreneur constitute one industrial unit or distinct separate units. Analysis: The judgment addresses the issue of whether various activities of an entrepreneur should be considered as one industrial unit or distinct separate units for the purpose of deciding bonus payments to workmen. In this case, the employer operated a press, published a paper, and was a partner in another paper. The workmen argued that all three activities should be treated as one industrial unit, pooling profits for bonus calculation. The Industrial Tribunal found that the press and the paper formed two separate industrial entities, rejecting the employer's claim of unity. The court emphasized that each case must be decided based on its unique facts, considering factors like functional interdependence, unity of ownership, management, finance, and labor. The judgment provides examples to illustrate different scenarios. In one case, workmen claimed bonus from an institution with interconnected activities, while in another case, separate accounts and balance sheets indicated distinct industrial units. The court highlighted the importance of the employer's conduct in treating activities as separate or integrated. Unity of ownership, management, finance, labor, and functional integrality were considered essential tests to determine if two units form part of one establishment or industry. Examining the facts of the present case, the court found that the press and paper activities were not functionally interdependent. The employer had not mixed capital, profits, or labor force of the two units. Lack of evidence showed that the employer treated the units as one entity. The court noted discrepancies in the profit and loss accounts and lack of clarity in the presented account-books. As a result, the Tribunal's decision that the press and paper were distinct industrial units was upheld, leading to the calculation of bonus based solely on the press's performance. Ultimately, both appeals challenging the unity of the press and paper as one industrial unit were dismissed. The court affirmed that the workmen of the press were entitled to bonus based on the press's results alone. The judgment underscores the significance of factual analysis, employer conduct, and financial integration in determining industrial units for bonus calculations, emphasizing the need for a case-by-case evaluation.
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