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Issues Involved:
1. Liability of sons for repayment of loan contracted by the father for a family business. 2. Appropriation of payment towards the mortgage debt. Detailed Analysis: 1. Liability of Sons for Repayment of Loan Contracted by the Father for a Family Business The court examined whether the sons are liable for the repayment of a loan contracted by their father for a family business. The suit was based on a mortgage deed executed on 9th December 1918, where the deceased father of the defendants-appellants borrowed money for an antecedent debt and for the purposes of two shops located at Muttra and Delhi. The Muttra shop was ancestral, while the Delhi shop was a family business but not ancestral. The court referred to earlier cases where a wider meaning was attached to "benefit to the estate." It was held that the mortgage debt was binding if it was for the benefit of the estate and the family, even without pressing necessity. The Full Bench in Jagat Narain v. Mathura Das 1928 All. 451 concluded that transactions justifiable on the principle of "benefit to the estate" are not limited to those of a "defensive character." The Privy Council in Hanuman Prasad Panday v. Mt. Babooee Munraj Koonwaree stated that the manager's power to charge an estate is limited to cases of need or benefit to the estate. The court noted that the Privy Council in Benares Bank Ltd. v. Har Narain 1932 P.C. 182 clarified that money borrowed by the father for a non-ancestral business is not for legal necessity and thus not binding on minor members of the joint family. However, the Full Bench in Amraj Singh v. Shambhu Singh 1932 All. 632 held that if the transaction was in the best interests of the family, it could be binding even if the business was not ancestral. The court emphasized that money borrowed for an ancestral family business is a good justification for alienation of family property. The necessity to borrow for a new business does not automatically justify alienation unless it can be shown that the transaction was for the benefit of the estate or the family. 2. Appropriation of Payment Towards the Mortgage Debt The second issue was the appropriation of a payment of Rs. 3,000 made towards the mortgage debt. The court considered whether this payment should be applied towards the part of the debt incurred for the benefit of the ancestral property or the debt for advancing the Delhi business. The court referred to Sections 59, 60, and 61 of the Contract Act, which deal with appropriation of payments. It was held that if neither the debtor nor the creditor makes an appropriation, the payment should be applied in discharge of the debts in order of time, and if the debts are of equal standing, in discharge of each proportionately. The court noted that the payment was raised by selling part of the mortgaged property, which was ancestral. However, there was no indication that the creditor was informed of the source of the payment. The court decided that the sum of Rs. 3,000 should be split proportionately: Rs. 2,000 towards the secured debt and Rs. 1,000 towards the unsecured debt. Conclusion: 1. Liability of Sons: Sons are not liable for the repayment of a loan contracted by the father for a new business unless the transaction was for the benefit of the family and estate or supported by legal necessity. 2. Appropriation of Payment: The payment of Rs. 3,000 should be considered as repayment partly for the debt incurred for the benefit of the ancestral property and partly for advancing the Delhi business, and appropriated accordingly. The court's answers to the questions referred to the Full Bench were: 1. Where the business to finance which money has been borrowed is a new business, the sons are not liable for the payment of the loan contracted by the father for this business, unless the transaction was for the benefit of the family and to the benefit of the estate or it was supported by legal necessity. 2. The payment of Rs. 3,000 should be considered to be repayment of the debt incurred for the benefit of the ancestral property and partly for advancing the Delhi business and appropriated accordingly.
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